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DAT Diversity of Life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Independent metabolism

A

viruses lack this and so are not considered truly ‘alive’

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2
Q

Ability to self-replicate

A

this determination does not include the ability to produce gametes!

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3
Q

How many main criteria in determining the living vs the non living

A

2

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4
Q

The taxonomic ranks, from most general to most specific, are

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

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5
Q

Way to remember the taxonomic levels…

A

King Philip came over for grape soda

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6
Q

Systematics

A

The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.

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7
Q

Prokaryotic cells have a..

A

single chromosome that is short. They have circular DNA that usually does not have histones.

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8
Q

The flagella of prokaryotes consist of

A

chains of the protein flagellin

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9
Q

Autotrophs

A

manufacture their own organic materials. They use light (photo) or chemicals (chemo) such as H2S, NH3, NO, and NO3

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10
Q

Heterotrophs

A

obtain energy by consuming organic substances produced by autotrophs

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11
Q

Parasites

A

obtain energy from living
tissues of hosts

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12
Q

Saprobes (saprophytes)

A

obtain
energy and feed from dead, decaying matter which contribute to organic decay. Decomposers are slightly different in that they break down dead and decaying matter

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13
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

must have O2 to live

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14
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

require the
absence of O2 to live; they cannot live with the presence of oxygen. They are unable to detoxify some products of oxygen metabolism (e.g., H2O2 would be toxic to them)

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15
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

grows in the presence of O2, but can switch to anaerobic metabolism when O2 is absent

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16
Q

Archaea

A

prokaryotes but they differ from bacteria. Archaea are non-pathogenic.Archaeal cell walls contain various polysaccharides,

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17
Q

Similarities between eukaryotes and archaea

A
  1. DNA of both archaea and eukaryotes
    are associated with histones, while
    bacterial DNA is not
  2. Ribosome activity is not inhibited by
    antibiotics streptomycin and chloramphenicol, unlike bacteria
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18
Q

Methanogens

A

Group of archaea: obligate anaerobes that
produce CH4 as a by-product of obtaining energy from H2 to fix CO2

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19
Q

Extremophiles

A

Group of archaea: live in extreme enviroments

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20
Q

Halophiles (salt lover)

A

Group of extremophiles: they live in high salt concentration environments. Most are aerobic and heterotrophic; others are anaerobic and photosynthetic with bacteriorhodopsin

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21
Q

Thermophiles (heat lover

A

Group of extremophile:are sulfur-based chemoautotrophs that live in very hot places

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22
Q

Other extremophiles

A

live in high acid/base/pressure environments

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23
Q

Domain Bacteria

A

Bacteria are distinct from archaea and eukaryotes because of certain features. Bacteria have cell walls that have peptidoglycan, which is a polymer of monosaccharides with amino acids. Bacterial DNA is not associated with histones, and ribosome activity is inhibited by antibiotics like streptomycin and chloramphenicol.

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24
Q

Classification of bacteria

A
  1. Mode of nutrition/how they metabolize resources
  2. Ability to produce endospores 3. Means of motility 4. Shapes 5. peptidoglycan cell wall
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25
Q
  1. Means of motility (bacteria)
A

flagella, corkscrew motion, or gliding through slime material

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26
Q

Ability to produce endospores (bacteria)

A

these are resistant bodies that contain DNA and small amounts of cytoplasm surrounded by a durable wall

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27
Q

Shapes (bacteria)

A

cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod- shaped), spirilla/spirochetes (spirals

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28
Q

Peptidoglycan cell wall

A

gram-positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan cell walls. Gram-negative bacteria have thin peptidoglycan covered with lipopolysaccharides. Peptidoglycan contains amino sugars

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29
Q

Teichoic acids

A

these acids on the cell walls of bacterium are used as recognition and binding sites by bacterial viruses that cause infections.

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30
Q

Common groups of bacteria

A

cyanobacteria, chemosynthetic, nitrogen fixing, spirochetes,

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31
Q

cyanobacteria

A

they are
photosynthetic and contain an accessory pigment called phycobilins. Some have specialized cells called heterocysts that produce nitrogen-fixing enzymes

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32
Q

Chemosynthetic

A

these bacteria are autotrophs. Some are nitrifying bacteria, which are able to convert nitrite to nitrate

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33
Q

Nitrogen-fixing

A

these bacteria are heterotrophs that fix N2. They live in the nodules of plants, and this is a form of mutualism because the bacteria provides useable nitrogen for the plant, while the plant gives the bacteria a home and fixed carbon to utilize

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34
Q

Spirochetes

A

coiled bacteria that move with a corkscrew motion. There is internal flagella between cell wall layers

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35
Q

Domain Eukarya (4 Kingdoms)

A

This domain has multiple relevant kingdoms. The first kingdom is Protista. This is an artificial kingdom used mainly for convenience and is poorly understood. Features shared by two or more groups may represent convergent evolution, and most protists are unicellular. They are generally classified by means of locomotion, and all protists live in moist environments.

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36
Q

Algaelike (plant-like) (domain eukaryotic)

A

these protists all obtain energy by photosynthesis. All have chlorophyll a, and some have accessory pigments. They are mainly categorized by the form of carbohydrate used to store energy, the number of flagella, and the makeup of the cell wall

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37
Q

Euglenoids (algae like)

A

have one to three flagella at the apical end. Instead of a cellulose cell wall, euglenoids have thin, protein strips called pellicles located below the cell membranes. They are heterotrophic in the absence of light, and some have eyespots that permit phototaxis (ability to move in response to light).

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38
Q

Dinoflagellates (algae like)

A

have two flagella. One is posterior, while the second flagellum is transverse and rests encircling the mid-groove perpendicular to the first flagellum.

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39
Q

Diatoms (algae like)

A

have tests (shells) that fit together like a box with a lid, and they also contain SiO2 (silica)

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40
Q

Brown algae (algae like)

A

multicellular and have flagellated sperm cells. They look like giant seaweed.

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41
Q

Rhodophyta (algae like)

A

red algae and have red accessory pigments called phycobilins. They are multicellular and their gametes do not have flagella

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42
Q

Chlorophyta

A

green algae and have both chlorophyll a and b. They have cellulose in their cell walls, and they store energy in the form of starch. Some species have isogamous gametes (both sperm and egg are equal in size and motile), some are anisogamous (sperm and egg differ in size), and others can be oogamous (large egg cell remains with the parent and is fertilized by small, motile sperm).

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43
Q

Protozoa (animal-like) (protist type)

A

these protists are heterotrophs. They consume living cells or dead organic matter, and are unicellular eukaryotes

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44
Q

Rhizopoda (animal like)

A

amoebas that move by extensions of their cell body called pseudopodia. They encircle their food using phagocytosis

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45
Q

Foraminifera (animal like)

A

aka forams, have tests(shells) usually made of calcium carbonate. Sediments of foraminifera indicate oil deposits

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46
Q

Apicomplexans (animal like)

A

parasites of animals. They have an apical complex (complex of organelles located at an end of the cell) and no physical motility. They form spores which are dispersed by hosts that complete their life cycle. Malaria is caused by a sporozoan

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47
Q

Ciliates (animal like)

A

use cilia for moving and other functions. They have specialized structures: mouths, pores, contractile vacuoles (H2O balance), two kinds of nuclei (largemacronucleus and several small nuclei). They are the most complex of all cells. An example of a ciliate is the paramecium.

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48
Q

Amoebas

A

genus of protozoa, and are shapeless and unicellular. They move via pseudopods

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49
Q

Fungus-like protists

A

resemble fungi and form filaments/spore-bearing bodies like fungi do

50
Q

Cellular slime molds

A

have fungus-
like and protozoa-like characteristics. The spores germinate into amoebas which feed on bacteria. When no food is available, amoebas aggregate into a single unit slug.

51
Q

Plasmodial slime molds

A

grow as a single, spreading mass (plasmodium) that feeds on decaying vegetation.

52
Q

What is the difference between plasmodial and cellular slime molds?

A

Both have a stalk and release haploid spores which haploid amoeba cells emerge from. In plasmodial slime molds, the amoeboid cells fuse and form a diploid zygote.

53
Q

Oomycota

A

are water molds, mildews, and white rusts. They are either parasites or saprobes, which receives nutrition from dead and decaying organic matter

54
Q

Kingdom Fungi

A

Fungi grow as filaments called hyphae, and mycelium is a mass of hyphae. Cell walls contain chitin (N- containing polysaccharide). Some fungi have septum which divide filaments into compartments containing a single nucleus.

55
Q

Fungi without septa

A

coenocytic

56
Q

Stages of fungi sexual reproduction

A

Plasmogamy, Karyogamy, Meiosis

57
Q

plasmogamy

A

fusing of cytoplasm of cells from two different fungal strains to produce a single cell without fusing of the nuclei. The resulting cell has a pair of haploid nuclei, one from each strain, and is now called a dikaryon. Dikaryotic hypha is hypha containing dikaryon

58
Q

Karyogamy

A

fusing of two haploid nuclei of a dikaryon to form a single diploid nucleus

59
Q

Meiosis

A

meiosis of diploid nucleus restores haploid condition. The daughter cells develop into haploid spores which germinate into haploid hyphae (has 1 fungal strain) and then merge into dikaryons to repeat the cycle

60
Q

Means of asexual reproduction (fungi)

A

Sporangiospores, Conidia,

61
Q

Sporangiospores

A

spores produced in sac-like capsules called sporangia that are each borne on a stalk called a sporangiophore

62
Q

Conidia

A

a type of asexual spore formed at the tips of specialized hyphae and are not enclosed inside sacs. Hyphae bearing conidia are called conidiophores

63
Q

group names with the suffix –mycota

A

denote a division

64
Q

Group names with the suffix –mycete

A

denote classes

65
Q

Six fungus groups

A

Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Deuteromycota, Lichens

66
Q

Zygomycota

A

these fungi lack septa, except the filaments bordering reproductive filaments.

67
Q

Glomeromycota

A

these fungi lack septa and do not reproduce sexually. They form mutualistic associations with roots of plants, and this relationship is called a mycorrhiza.

68
Q

Ascomycota

A

these fungi have septa and reproduce sexually by producing haploid ascospores

69
Q

Basidiomycota

A

they have septa and reproduce sexually by producing haploid basidiospores

70
Q

Deuteromycota

A

they are imperfect fungi and an artificial group because they have no known sexual reproductive cycle.

71
Q

Lichens

A

lichens are symbiotic associations between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria.

72
Q

Miscellaneous Fungal Genus

A

Rhizopus, Candida, Saccharomyces cerevisiae

73
Q

Rhizopus

A

fungal pathogen that
is involved with food spoilage. It is an obligate parasite because it depends on its host for survival. Rhizopus stolonifer is commonly known as the black bread mold, and is also a type of Zygomycota

74
Q

Candida

A

involved in infections of mucous membranes

75
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A

a type of yeast that is involved in fermenting sugars to alcohol

76
Q

Adaptations for survival on land(plantae)

A

Dominant diploid generation, cuticle, vascular system, sperm dispersal, antrhophyta, seasonal variations

77
Q

anthophyta

A

division of plants otherwise known as angiosperms, they have their gametophytes enclosed and protected inside an ovary

78
Q

Major seedless plant divisions

A

bryophytes, lycophyta, pterophyta,

79
Q

Bryophytes

A

includes
the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Gametes are produced in gametangia (protective structures) on gametophytes

80
Q

Lycophyta

A

can also be called a part of the seedless vascular plants and includes clubmosses, spike mosses, and quillworts, which are herbaceous.

81
Q

Pterophyta

A

this division is also called seedless vascular plants and has three groups: ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns.

82
Q

Seeded vascular plant divisions

A

Microsporangium, Megasporangium, Coniferophyta, angiosperms

83
Q

parts of an angiosperm

A

Pistil, stamen, petals

84
Q

Microsporangium

A

produces numerous microspore mother cells, which divide by meiosis to produce four haploid cells a.k.a. microspores.

85
Q

Megasporangium

A

the nucellus produces the megaspore mother cell. After undergoing meiosis, four haploid cells are created but only one survives to become the megaspore (

86
Q

Coniferophyta

A

a.k.a. gymnosperms, meaning naked seeds. These plants are cone- bearing and include the pines, firs, spruces, junipers, redwoods, and cedars. They have pollen-bearing male cones and ovule-bearing female cones

87
Q

Anthophyta (angiosperms)

A

these are flowering plants which include fruits, maple, oaks, grass, etc., and are the dominant land plant form. The flower is the reproductive structure of an angiosperm.

88
Q

Kingdom Animalia

A

This kingdom is monophyletic, meaning all the species can be traced back to one common ancestor. The kingdom is very diverse, but its members do share these common characteristics:
* Multicellular
* Heterotrophic
* Dominant diploid generation
* Motile at some part of their life cycle * 2-3 layers of tissues form during
embryonic development

89
Q

Body symmetry

A

Animals can have different types of symmetry. Radial symmetry means the organisms have a top and bottom but no distinct left and right sides; they have circular body patterns. Animals with bilateral symmetry have a distinct left and right side. When divided by a sagittal plane, the left and right sides are mirror images.

90
Q

Cephalization

A

animals with bilateral symmetry can have a higher concentration of nerve tissue located at the anterior end as organisms increase in complexity (e.g., brains are highly developed and have sensory organs)

91
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A

this is the digestive system. The gastrovascular cavity has one opening and is sac-like with limited processes. A digestive tract has two openings with specialized activities as food travels through

92
Q

Tissue complexity

A

eumetazoans are organisms with true tissues that are organized into germ layers. Diploblastic organisms have two embryonic cell layers. Triploblastic organisms have three embryonic cell layers, which, from superficial to deep, are called the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm.

93
Q

Coelom

A

Animals can be classified as either acoelomate, pseudoceolomate, or coelomate. The coelom is derived from the mesoderm, and is a fluid-filled cavity that cushions the internal organs.

94
Q

Segmentation

A

some organisms have segmented body structures. The segmentation can be repetitive or is sometimes specialized. Segmentation can be seen in arthropods, annelids, and chordates

95
Q

Protostomes and deuterostomes

A

cleavages/cell divisions in a zygote’s early development is different depending on the type of organism. The archenteron is the primitive gut that forms during gastrulation in the developing blastula. It develops into the digestive tract of an animal, and its opening will then develop into the mouth or the anus depending on the type of organism. Protostomes are organisms that develop mouth first, and deuterostomes are organisms that develop anus first

96
Q

Porifera

A

known as sea sponges, these organisms are parazoans. They feed by filtering water through the sponge wall of flagellated cells called choanocytes. Sea sponges are sessile, meaning they cannot move. Porifera are used in the development and research of antibiotics

97
Q

Cnidaria

A

these include the hydrozoans, jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals. Cnidarians have two body forms: the floating, umbrella-shaped body with tentacles called the medusa, and the sessile cylinder-shaped body with rising tentacles called the polyp. Some cnidarians alternate between the medusa and polyp forms in their life cycle. Cnidarians are carnivores, and they have tentacles to capture prey

98
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

there are three types of acoelomate flatworms to know: planarians, flukes, and tapeworms.

99
Q

Planarians

A

free-living flatworms and are carnivores in marine or freshwater bodies of water.

100
Q

Flukes

A

internal/ external animal parasites that suck tissue fluids and blood.

101
Q

Tapeworms

A

internal parasites that often live in the digestive tract of vertebrates. Tapeworms appear segmented, but these segments, called proglottids, only develop secondarily for reproduction, and so tapeworms are not considered to be truly segmented animals.

102
Q

Nematoda

A

otherwise known as roundworms and are pseudocoelomate with a complete digestive tract. Nematodes are free-living soil dwellers that help decompose and recycle nutrients.

103
Q

Rotifera

A

these are multicellular organisms with specialized organs enclosed in a pseudocoelom. They have a complete digestive tract and are filter- feeders. Rotifera are also capable of parthenogenesis, which is a type of asexual reproduction

104
Q

Mollusca

A

includes snails, octopus, squids, and bivalves. Octopus have highly developed nervous systems with complex brains. Bivalves have two- part shells and include organisms like clams and mussels. Most squids have small and internal shells, but octopus have no shells. Mollusks have coelomate bodies, complete digestive tracts, and usually have open circulatory systems with internal cavities called the hemocoel.

105
Q

classes of mollusca

A

class Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, bivalvia

106
Q

Class Gastropoda

A

largest molluscan class and includes animals such as slugs and snails, characterized by a single shell

107
Q

Class Cephalopoda

A

this class includes the octopus and squid. They have high O2 demand, giant nerve fibers, and closed circulatory systems

108
Q

Class Bivalvia -

A

this class includes clams, mussels, scallops, and oysters

109
Q

Annelida

A

these are segmented worms which include leeches, earthworms, and polychaete worms.

110
Q

Arthropoda

A

this groups includes spiders, insects, and crustaceans. Arthropods have jointed appendages which allows them to be successful, have well-developed nervous systems, specialized body segments, and exoskeletons made of chitin

111
Q

classes of arthropoda

A

class insecta, class arachnida, class crustacea

112
Q

class insecta

A

these organisms have three pairs of legs, one pair of antennae, and spiracles. Spiracles are tracheal tubes used for breathing. There are more insect species than any other class on earth

113
Q

Class Arachnida

A

these animals have four pairs of legs and “book lungs,” which are respiratory structures that look like sheets of a book. Arachnids include spiders and scorpions. Arachnids do not have antennae

114
Q

Class Crustacea (subphylum)

A

crustaceans have segmented bodies and gills with a variable number of appendages. This class includes crabs, shrimps, lobsters, crayfish, and barnacles. Crustaceans have two pairs of antennae

115
Q
A
116
Q

Chordata four main features

A

Notochord, Dorsal hollow nerve cord, Pharyngeal gill slits, Muscular tail

117
Q

notocord

A

a dorsal, flexible rod
that functions as support. It is replaced by bone during development in most vertebrates.

118
Q

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

forms the basis of the nervous system. In some chordates, the nerve cord becomes the brain and the spinal cord

119
Q

Pharyngeal gill slits

A

provide channels across the pharynx to the outside body. The slits become gills for oxygen or for filter-feeding.

120
Q
A

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