D3.3 SL / HL Flashcards
Homeostasis
any self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stabilitywhile adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival
set points
the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates. A normal range is the restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable
Negative feedback loop
a normal biological response in which the effects of a reaction slow or stop that reaction
endocrine system
The glands and organs that make hormones and release them directly into the bloodso they can travel to tissues and organs all over the body
hormones
chemicals that coordinate different functions in your bodyby carrying messages through your blood to your organs, skin, muscles and other tissues
Hyperglycemia
where the level of sugar in your blood is too high. It mainly affects people with diabetes and can be serious if not treated
small intestine
A long tube-like organ that connects the stomach and the large intestine. It is about 20 feet long and folds many times to fit inside the abdomen. The small intestine has three parts: the duodenum,jejunum, and ileum
Hypoglycemia
a condition in which your blood sugar (glucose) level is lower than the standard range. Glucose is your body’s main energy source. Hypoglycemia is often related to diabetes treatment
pancreas
A glandular organ located in the abdomen. It makes pancreatic juices, which contain enzymes that aid in digestion, and it produces several hormones, including insulin
exocrine glands
A gland that makes substances such as sweat, tears, saliva, milk, and digestive juices, and releases them through a duct or opening to a body surface
endocrine glands
An organ that makes hormones that are released directly into the bloodand travel to tissues and organs all over the body
𝞫-cells
cells that make insulin, a hormone that controls the level of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood. Beta cells are found in the pancreas within clusters of cells known asislets
insulin
A hormone made by theislet cellsof the pancreas. Insulin controls the amount of sugar in the blood by moving it into the cells, where it can be used by the body for energy
glucose carrier proteins
proteins that aid the transportation of glucose to various tissues where they are effectively utilized as an energy source
facilitated diffusion
the diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane.Facilitated diffusionis a type ofpassivetransport
glycogenesis
the process of synthesizing glycogen from glucose, primarily occurring in the liver and muscle tissues
lipogenesis
process by which simple sugars together with glycerol are converted to fats
kidneys
One of a pair of organs in the abdomen. The kidneys remove waste and extra water from the blood (as urine) and help keep chemicals (such as sodium, potassium, and calcium) balanced in the body. The kidneys also make hormones that help control blood pressure and stimulate bone marrow to make red blood cells
cellular respiration
a metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an organic compound the body can use for energy.
𝞪-cells
endocrine cells that are found in theIslets of Langerhansin the pancreas. Alpha cells secrete the peptide hormone glucagon in order to increase glucose levels in the blood stream
glucagon
a hormone that raises blood sugar (glucose). It is made in the pancreas. When blood sugars are low, glucagon tells the liver to send sugar into the blood, which goes to the cells for energy
glycogenolysis
the breakdown of glycogen (n) to glucose-1-phosphate and glycogen (n-1). Glycogen branches are catabolized by the sequential removal of glucose monomers via phosphorolysis, by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase
gluconeogenesis
The process of making glucose (sugar) from its own breakdown products or from the breakdown products of lipids (fats) or proteins
solute
a substance that can be dissolved into a solution by a solvent
osmotic potential
net movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane, from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential
osmosis
The movement of water molecules across a partially-permeable membranefrom a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration
Type 1 Diabetes
a chronic (life-long) autoimmune disease that prevents your pancreas from making insulin. It requires daily management with insulin injections and blood sugar monitoring
Autoimmune disease
A condition in which the body’s immune system mistakes its own healthy tissues as foreign and attacks them. Most autoimmune diseases cause inflammation that can affect many parts of the body
Type 2 Diabetes
a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. Blood glucose is your main source of energy and comes mainly from the food you eat. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps glucose get into your cells to be used for energy
insulin resistance
when cells in your muscles, fat, and liver don’t respond well to insulin and can’t easily take up glucose from your blood
Thermoregulation
a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature
Endothermic
those that maintain a constant body temperature independent of the environment. The endotherms primarily include the birds and mammals; however, some fish are also endothermic
Ectothermic
An organism whose body temperature is largely determined by heat exchange with its surroundings. It does not produce and retain enough metabolic heat to elevate its body temperature above ambient temperature, but may use behavioral mechanisms to regulate body temperature
thermoreceptors
specialized nerve cells that are able to detect differences in temperature. Temperature is a relative measure of heat present in the environment. Thermoreceptors are able to detect heat and cold and are found throughout the skin in order to allow sensory reception throughout the body
hypothalamus
The area of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst.
effector neurons
A nerve cell, such as a motor neuron, that transmits impulses from the central nervous system to an effector in order to bring about a physiological response to changes in the environment
pituitary gland
sometimes called the “master” gland of the endocrine system because it controls the functions of many of the other endocrine glands. The pituitary gland is no larger than a pea, and is located at the base of the brain
thyroid gland
A gland located beneath the larynx (voice box) that makes thyroid hormone andcalcitonin. The thyroid gland helps regulate growth and metabolism
Arterioles
a very small blood vessel that branches off from your artery and carries blood away from your heart to your tissues and organs
vasodilate
when blood vessels in your body widen, allowing more blood to flow through them and lowering your blood pressure
Perspiration
water given off by the intact skin, either as vapour by simple evaporation from the epidermis (insensible perspiration) or as sweat, a form of cooling in which liquid actively secreted from sweat glands evaporates from the body surface
Sweat glands
small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat. Sweat glands are a type of exocrine gland, which are glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct
vasoconstrict
the narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls. When blood vessels constrict, blood flow is slowed or blocked
Thyroxine
A hormone that is made by the thyroid gland and contains iodine. Thyroxine increases the rate of chemical reactions in cells and helps control growth and development
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
a glycoprotein hormone produced by the anterior pituitary. It is the primary stimulus for thyroid hormone production by the thyroid gland
uncoupled respiration
any process in which electron transport is not used in ATP productionand lowers membrane potential
Shivering
a bodily function in response to cold and extreme fear inwarm-bloodedanimals. When the core body temperature drops, the shivering reflex is triggered to maintain homeostasis
blubber
a thick layer of fat, also called adipose tissue, directly under the skin of all marine mammals
SA:V ratio
the ratio between surface area and volume of an object or collection of objects.
Brown adipose (fat) tissue
a type of body fat that keeps you warm when you get cold. Brown fat also stores energy and helps your body burn calories. Brown fat starts working (activates) in cold temperatures
