D3.3 SL / HL

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

any self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stabilitywhile adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival

Question 2

set points

Answer 2

the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates. A normal range is the restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable

Question 3

Negative feedback loop

Answer 3

a normal biological response in which the effects of a reaction slow or stop that reaction

Question 4

endocrine system

Answer 4

The glands and organs that make hormones and release them directly into the bloodso they can travel to tissues and organs all over the body

Question 5

hormones

Answer 5

chemicals that coordinate different functions in your bodyby carrying messages through your blood to your organs, skin, muscles and other tissues

Question 6

Hyperglycemia

Answer 6

where the level of sugar in your blood is too high. It mainly affects people with diabetes and can be serious if not treated

Question 7

small intestine

Answer 7

A long tube-like organ that connects the stomach and the large intestine. It is about 20 feet long and folds many times to fit inside the abdomen. The small intestine has three parts: the duodenum,jejunum, and ileum

Question 8

Hypoglycemia

Answer 8

a condition in which your blood sugar (glucose) level is lower than the standard range. Glucose is your body’s main energy source. Hypoglycemia is often related to diabetes treatment

Question 9

pancreas

Answer 9

A glandular organ located in the abdomen. It makes pancreatic juices, which contain enzymes that aid in digestion, and it produces several hormones, including insulin

Question 10

exocrine glands

Answer 10

A gland that makes substances such as sweat, tears, saliva, milk, and digestive juices, and releases them through a duct or opening to a body surface

Question 11

endocrine glands

Answer 11

An organ that makes hormones that are released directly into the bloodand travel to tissues and organs all over the body

Question 12

𝞫-cells

Answer 12

cells that make insulin, a hormone that controls the level of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood. Beta cells are found in the pancreas within clusters of cells known asislets

Question 13

insulin

Answer 13

A hormone made by theislet cellsof the pancreas. Insulin controls the amount of sugar in the blood by moving it into the cells, where it can be used by the body for energy

Question 14

glucose carrier proteins

Answer 14

proteins that aid the transportation of glucose to various tissues where they are effectively utilized as an energy source

Question 15

facilitated diffusion

Answer 15

the diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane.Facilitated diffusionis a type ofpassivetransport

Question 16

glycogenesis

Answer 16

the process of synthesizing glycogen from glucose, primarily occurring in the liver and muscle tissues

Question 17

lipogenesis

Answer 17

process by which simple sugars together with glycerol are converted to fats

Question 18

kidneys

Answer 18

One of a pair of organs in the abdomen. The kidneys remove waste and extra water from the blood (as urine) and help keep chemicals (such as sodium, potassium, and calcium) balanced in the body. The kidneys also make hormones that help control blood pressure and stimulate bone marrow to make red blood cells

Question 19

cellular respiration

Answer 19

a metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an organic compound the body can use for energy.

Question 20

𝞪-cells

Answer 20

endocrine cells that are found in theIslets of Langerhansin the pancreas. Alpha cells secrete the peptide hormone glucagon in order to increase glucose levels in the blood stream

Question 21

glucagon

Answer 21

a hormone that raises blood sugar (glucose). It is made in the pancreas. When blood sugars are low, glucagon tells the liver to send sugar into the blood, which goes to the cells for energy

Question 22

glycogenolysis

Answer 22

the breakdown of glycogen (n) to glucose-1-phosphate and glycogen (n-1). Glycogen branches are catabolized by the sequential removal of glucose monomers via phosphorolysis, by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase

Question 23

gluconeogenesis

Answer 23

The process of making glucose (sugar) from its own breakdown products or from the breakdown products of lipids (fats) or proteins

Question 24

solute

Answer 24

a substance that can be dissolved into a solution by a solvent

Question 25

osmotic potential

Answer 25

net movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane, from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential

Question 26

osmosis

Answer 26

The movement of water molecules across a partially-permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration

Question 27

Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 27

a chronic (life-long) autoimmune disease that prevents your pancreas from making insulin. It requires daily management with insulin injections and blood sugar monitoring

Question 28

Autoimmune disease

Answer 28

A condition in which the body's immune system mistakes its own healthy tissues as foreign and attacks them. Most autoimmune diseases cause inflammation that can affect many parts of the body

Question 29

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 29

a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. Blood glucose is your main source of energy and comes mainly from the food you eat. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps glucose get into your cells to be used for energy

Question 30

insulin resistance

Answer 30

when cells in your muscles, fat, and liver don't respond well to insulin and can't easily take up glucose from your blood

Question 31

Thermoregulation

Answer 31

a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature

Question 32

Endothermic

Answer 32

those that maintain a constant body temperature independent of the environment. The endotherms primarily include the birds and mammals; however, some fish are also endothermic

Question 33

Ectothermic

Answer 33

An organism whose body temperature is largely determined by heat exchange with its surroundings. It does not produce and retain enough metabolic heat to elevate its body temperature above ambient temperature, but may use behavioral mechanisms to regulate body temperature

Question 34

thermoreceptors

Answer 34

specialized nerve cells that are able to detect differences in temperature. Temperature is a relative measure of heat present in the environment. Thermoreceptors are able to detect heat and cold and are found throughout the skin in order to allow sensory reception throughout the body

Question 35

hypothalamus

Answer 35

The area of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst.

Question 36

effector neurons

Answer 36

A nerve cell, such as a motor neuron, that transmits impulses from the central nervous system to an effector in order to bring about a physiological response to changes in the environment

Question 37

pituitary gland

Answer 37

sometimes called the "master" gland of the endocrine system because it controls the functions of many of the other endocrine glands. The pituitary gland is no larger than a pea, and is located at the base of the brain

Question 38

thyroid gland

Answer 38

A gland located beneath the larynx (voice box) that makes thyroid hormone and calcitonin. The thyroid gland helps regulate growth and metabolism

Question 39

Arterioles

Answer 39

a very small blood vessel that branches off from your artery and carries blood away from your heart to your tissues and organs

Question 40

vasodilate

Answer 40

when blood vessels in your body widen, allowing more blood to flow through them and lowering your blood pressure

Question 41

Perspiration

Answer 41

water given off by the intact skin, either as vapour by simple evaporation from the epidermis (insensible perspiration) or as sweat, a form of cooling in which liquid actively secreted from sweat glands evaporates from the body surface

Question 42

Sweat glands

Answer 42

small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat. Sweat glands are a type of exocrine gland, which are glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct

Question 43

vasoconstrict

Answer 43

the narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls. When blood vessels constrict, blood flow is slowed or blocked

Question 44

Thyroxine

Answer 44

A hormone that is made by the thyroid gland and contains iodine. Thyroxine increases the rate of chemical reactions in cells and helps control growth and development

Question 45

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 45

a glycoprotein hormone produced by the anterior pituitary. It is the primary stimulus for thyroid hormone production by the thyroid gland

Question 46

uncoupled respiration

Answer 46

any process in which electron transport is not used in ATP productionand lowers membrane potential

Question 47

Shivering

Answer 47

a bodily function in response to cold and extreme fear in warm-blooded animals. When the core body temperature drops, the shivering reflex is triggered to maintain homeostasis

Question 48

blubber

Answer 48

a thick layer of fat, also called adipose tissue, directly under the skin of all marine mammals

Question 49

SA:V ratio

Answer 49

the ratio between surface area and volume of an object or collection of objects.

Question 50

Brown adipose (fat) tissue

Answer 50

a type of body fat that keeps you warm when you get cold. Brown fat also stores energy and helps your body burn calories. Brown fat starts working (activates) in cold temperatures