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24-25 IB Biology Year 2 > C4.1 SL / HL > Flashcards

C4.1 SL / HL Flashcards

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1
Q

Ecological hierarchy

A

the synergy of organisms with their environment and leads to the formation of a grouping of organisms

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2
Q

population

A

a group of individuals of the same species living and interbreeding within a given area

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3
Q

Transect sampling

A

a method used to study the distribution and abundance of organisms along a line or pathway

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4
Q

Random sampling

A

used to select a sample that is unbiased. Within each area, every part of the area must have an equal chance of being chosen. Random sampling withquadratsis used to examine differences between contrasting habitats within an habitat

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5
Q

sessile organisms

A

an organism that is anchored to a substrate and cannot move about freely

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6
Q

motile organisms

A

an organism has the capability to move under its own power

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7
Q

Quadrats

A

a frame used in ecology, geography, and biology to isolate a standard unit of area for study of the distribution of an item over a large area

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8
Q

Capture-mark-release-recapture

A

a technique used to estimate the size of a population of a particular species

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9
Q

Lincoln Index

A

a statistical measure used in several fields to estimate the population size of an animal species

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10
Q

carrying capacity

A

the maximum population size of a biological species that can be sustained by that specific environment, given the food, habitat, water, and other resources available

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11
Q

Limiting Factors

A

anything that constrains a population’s size and slows or stops it from growing

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12
Q

Positive feedback

A

output of a system amplifies the system

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13
Q

Negative Feedback

A

responds when conditions change from the ideal or set pointand returns conditions to this set point

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14
Q

Density-dependent factors

A

factors that affect the per capita growth rate of a population differently depending on how dense the population already is

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15
Q

Density-independent factors

A

limiting factors that affect the population of organisms but not restricting them to be at or within a certain number, range, or density

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16
Q

Lag phase

A

the adaptation phase for the organism where they acclimatizes themselves to the new environmental conditions provided. The growth is slow at this stage

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17
Q

Exponential phase

A

where there is a rapid increase in population growth as natality rate exceeds mortality rate

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18
Q

Transition phase

A

where the population growth slows significantly due to limiting factors

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19
Q

Plateau phase

A

Eventually the increasing mortality rate equals the natality rate and population growth becomes static. The population has reached the carrying capacity (κ) of the environment

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20
Q

Death Phase

A

population decreases as death rate is now greater than birth rate; this is usually because food supply is short

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21
Q

Logarithmic graphs

A

graphical representation that employs a logarithmic scale, diverging from the conventional linear scale used in most charts, where values are evenly spaced by creating varying intervals between values

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22
Q

model organisms

A

non-human species that scientists use in the lab to investigate and understand biological processes

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23
Q

Duckweed

A

tiny, free-floating, aquatic green plants commonly found in lentic or slowly moving water bodies, belonging to the family Lemnaceae

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24
Q

Community

A

an interacting group of various species in a common location

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25
Q

Intraspecific relationships

A

Intra-specific interactions arethose that occur between individuals of the same species, while interactions that occur between two or more species are called inter-specific interactions

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26
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

a competition between individuals from the same species (cospecifics)

27
Q

herbivory

A

the consumption of plant material by animals, and herbivores are animals adapted to eat plants

28
Q

predation

A

a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey

29
Q

parasitism

A

a relationship between the two living species in which one organism is benefitted at the expense of the other

30
Q

pathogenicity

A

the ability of an organism, a pathogen, to produce an infectious disease in another organism

31
Q

mutualism

A

association between organisms of two different species in which each benefits

32
Q

Symbiosis

A

any of several living arrangements between members of two different species, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism

33
Q

self-pollinate

A

occurs when the pollen from the anther is deposited on the stigma of the same flower, or another flower on the same plant

34
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

the bacterial process whereby molecular N2gas is converted to reactive, biologically available forms of nitrogen

35
Q

nitrogen-fixing bacteria

A

prokaryotic microorganisms that are capable of transforming nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into “fixed nitrogen” compounds, such as ammonia, that are usable by plants

36
Q

Fabaceae

A

the pea or legume family of plantsand are sometimes referred to by their old family name the Leguminosae

37
Q

root nodules

A

the knob-like structures formed especially on and from roots of leguminous plants, as a result of symbiotic infection bynitrogen-fixingbacteria such as Rhizobium

38
Q

rhizobium

A

nonspore-forming rod-shaped, motile, aerobic, gram-negative soil bacterium able to colonize in the rhizospheric region of leguminous plants and symbiotically fixes atmospheric nitrogen

39
Q

Mycorrhiza

A

a mutualistic relationship between fungi and plant roots in most plants

40
Q

hyphae

A

the feathery filaments that make up multicellular fungi. They release enzymes and absorb nutrients from a food source

41
Q

coral polyps

A

Corals are made up of tiny individuals called polyps. Each polyp is like a fluid-filled bag with a ring of tentacles surrounding its mouth, and looks like a tiny anemone

42
Q

Zooxanthellae

A

unicellular, golden-brown algae (dinoflagellates) that live either in the water column as plankton or symbiotically inside the tissue of other organisms

43
Q

Coral bleaching

A

When water is too warm, corals will expel the algae (zooxanthellae) living in their tissues causing the coral to turn completely white

44
Q

Endemic species

A

any species or other taxon whose geographic range or distribution is confined to a single given area

45
Q

Invasive species

A

non-native species that have colonised a new area to the point of damaging the surrounding environment

46
Q

cane toads

A

a large, warty, poisonous amphibiannative to South and Central America and considered to be one of the worst invasive species in the world

47
Q

red squirrels

A

a small rodent with a bushy tail. It is typically a rust-red color with a white or cream-colored underside

48
Q

gray squirrels

A

mainly grey fur, but may have red-brown patches, especially around the face and legs. The species has a long, bushy tail

49
Q

Presence-Absence matrix

A

a one represents the presence of species j in cell i, and a zero indicates absence

50
Q

chi-squared test

A

a statistical test commonly used to determine if there is a significant association between two variables

51
Q

null hypothesis

A

a hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables

52
Q

Qualitative data

A

descriptive, expressed in terms of language rather than numerical values

53
Q

critical value

A

cut-off values that define regions where the test statistic is unlikely to lie

54
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

an opposing theory to the null hypothesis. For example, if the null hypothesis predicts something to be true, the alternative hypothesis predicts it to be false

55
Q

Null hypothesis

A

a hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables. It is usually the hypothesis a researcher or experimenter will try to disprove or discredit

56
Q

predator-prey interaction

A

occurs whenever a predator captures and eats an organism

57
Q

Bottom-up Control

A

ecological concept where ecosystems are primarily regulated by the availability of nutrients, light, or water, which influenceprimary productionand subsequently impact other ecosystem functions

58
Q

Top-down Control

A

directional regulation within an ecosystem, where species occupying higher trophic levels exert controlling influences on species at the next lower trophic level

59
Q

Allelopathy

A

a common biological phenomenon by which one organism produces biochemicals that influence the growth, survival, development, and reproduction of other organisms

60
Q

secondary metabolites

A

the products of metabolism not essential for normal growth, development or reproduction of an organism

61
Q

sinigrin

A

a natural aliphatic glucosinolate present in plants of theBrassicaceae family

62
Q

penicillin

A

bactericidal beta-lactam antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

63
Q

antibiotic

A

medicines that fight bacterial infections in people and animals

64
Q

zone of inhibition

A

an area of media where bacteria are unable to grow, due to presence of a drug that impedes their growth

24-25 IB Biology Year 2 (11 decks)

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