C1.1 SL / HL Flashcards
covalent bond
a chemical bond that occurs when atoms share electrons to form electron pairs, or bonding pairs
sucrose
a disaccharide, or a type of sugar made up of two simple sugars, glucose and fructose
Bioenergetics
the study of how living organisms transform and manage energy
Catalysts
a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction or lowers the temperature or pressure required to start one, without being consumed or chemically changed during the reaction
enzymes
proteins that act as biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in living organisms
Globular proteins
spherical or globe-shaped proteins that are water-soluble and perform a variety of biological roles
Soluble
a substance can dissolve in a particular fluid, or solvent
Metabolism
he sum of chemical reactions that take place in the body’s cells to provide energy and materials for growth, reproduction, and health
Metabolic pathways
a series of biochemical reactions that occur in a cell, converting a substrate into a product
Reactants
a substance that enters into a chemical reaction and is altered during the process
intermediates
a substance formed during a middle step of a chemical reactionbetween reactants and the desired product
Linear pathway
involves the conversion of one compound through a series of intermediates to another compound
Cyclic pathway
a cyclic reaction in biology that uses the final product or part of it to start the same pathway again
Endergonic
a chemical reaction that absorbs energy and produces products with more energy than the reactants
condensation reaction
a chemical reaction that joins two molecules together to form a single molecule, usually with the loss of a small molecule like water
Anabolic reactions
chemical reactions that use energy to build larger molecules from smaller ones in living organisms
Exergonic
a chemical reaction that releases energy, usually in the form of heat
hydrolysis reaction
a chemical reaction that breaks down biological molecules using water
Catabolic reaction
a chemical reaction that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy in the process
Coupling cellular processes
the process of interaction or information exchange between two or more entities in a system
entropy
a measure of a system’s disorder, or randomness, and the unavailable energy in a closed system
polymers
arge molecules made up of many smaller molecules, called monomers, that are joined together
monomers
small molecules or atoms that bond together to form larger, more complex structures called polymers
glucose
a type of sugar and the main source of energy for living organisms
amylose
a polysaccharide found in plants and a component of starch that is made up of a linear chain of glucose molecules
amylopectin
a branched polymer that is a component of starch
glycosidic covalent bond
a covalent bond that connects a carbohydrate molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate
starch synthase
an enzyme that helps plants create starch by adding glucose units to a chain of glucose residues+B29
DNA replication
the process of copying a cell’s DNA to create two identical copies
nucleotides
the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA, the nucleic acids that store genetic information in cells
phosphodiester covalent bond
a covalent bond that links nucleotides together in DNA and RNA to form a sugar-phosphate backbone
DNA polymerase
an enzyme that creates new DNA copies by reading existing DNA strands and adding nucleotides to create new strands that match the originals
Protein synthesis
a biological process that occurs in cells to create new proteins from amino acids
amino acids
the basic building blocks of proteins, which are the foundation of life
peptide covalent bond
a covalent chemical bond that links amino acids together to form proteins
ribosome
a cell structure that synthesizes proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into amino acids
amylase
an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars, such as glucose, maltose, and maltotriose
maltose
a disaccharide sugar that is formed by the condensation of two glucose molecules
Lipids
organic compounds that contain hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen atoms, which form the framework for the structure and function of living cells
lipase
an enzyme that helps the body digest fats and is produced primarily in the pancreas
fatty acid chains
carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains that are important components of lipids in plants, animals, and microorganisms
glycerol
a nontoxic, sweet tasting, and viscous fluid that has the chemical formula C3H8O3
ester covalent bond
a covalent bond that forms between a carboxylic acid group and an alcohol group, and is formed through the elimination of a water molecule
Glycogen
a storage form of glucose that’s made up of many connected glucose molecules
glycogen phosphorylase
an enzyme that breaks down glycogen, a glucose-storing polymer, to produce glucose-1-phosphate (G1P)
Photosynthesis
a biological process that converts light energy into chemical energy, which is used to fuel the metabolism of organisms
Cellular respiration
a series of metabolic processes that take place in cells to convert chemical energy into adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Substrate
a substrate is a substance that is acted upon by an enzyme, and an enzyme is a protein that speeds up chemical reactions by interacting with substrates
enzyme-substrate complex
a temporary molecule that forms when an enzyme binds to a substrate
Active site
the part of an enzyme where a substrate binds and undergoes a chemical reaction
Product
the end substance that results from a biological process
anabolic enzyme
a protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions that synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones
catabolic enzyme
a protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions that break down large molecules into smaller units
Enzyme specificity
the ability of an enzyme to only act on a specific substrate and avoid unwanted reactions in its active site
Lock and Key model
a theory in biology that explains how enzymes and their substrates fit together
Induced-fit model
a biological theory that explains how an enzyme’s active site changes shape to bind to a substrate
Conformational change
a change in the shape of a macromolecule, such as a protein
Activation energy
the minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur
Collision theory
a scientific theory that explains how chemical reactions occur, and is used to predict reaction rates, especially for gases
momentum
the quantity of motion of a moving body, and is defined as the product of a body’s mass and velocity
Thermoconformer
an animal that allows its body temperature to fluctuate with the temperature of its environment, and is usually close to it
Thermoregulator
an animal that maintenance of core body temperature by balancing heat generation with heat loss
Immobilized enzymes
an enzyme that is attached to a solid, insoluble matrix or carrier, or cross-linked to other enzyme molecules, without losing its catalytic activity
alginate gel bead
typically used in the form of a hydrogel in biomedicine, including wound healing, drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. Also used in immbolised enzymes and industrial production
Lactose-free milk
milk that has had the lactose broken down into smaller molecules that can be digested.This is done by adding the enzyme lactase to regular milk
Denatured enzyme
an enzyme that has lost its normal structure and is no longer able to function
salinity
the amount of dissolved salt in water
chaperonins
large, barrel-like protein complexes that help proteins fold properly
renaturation
a biological process that involves the reconstruction of a protein or nucleic acid to its original form, especially after denaturation
primary structure
the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein or peptide
limiting factor
a condition or variable that can slow or stop a population from growing, or limit the rate of a reaction
saturated
being a solution that is unable to absorb or dissolve any more of a solute at a given temperature and pressure
osmolarity
the number of particles of solute per liter of solution
optimum temperature
the temperature at which an enzyme is most active and catalyzes a biological reaction at its highest rate
Optimum pH
the pH level at which an enzyme works best, or when its enzymatic activity is highest
Haemoglobin
a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and organs, and carbon dioxide back to the lungs
carbonic acid
a weak acid that forms when carbon dioxide dissolves in water
Optimum salinity
the concentration of dissolved saltsl at which an enzyme works best, or when its enzymatic activity is highest
mols
the International System of Units (SI) unit for measuring the amount of a substance, such as atoms, electrons, or protons
Iodine
a chemical test that detects the presence of starch in a sample
Benedicts reagent
a chemical reagent used to test for the presence of reducing sugars in biology
reducing sugars
carbohydrates that can act as reducing agents in chemical reactions by donating electrons to other molecules
qualitative
qualitative refers to the quality of something being assessed, rather than its quantity or size
quantitative
the study of living organisms using mathematical, statistical, and computational techniques
Colorimeter
a device which helps specific solutions to absorb a particular wavelength of light
Catalase
a very common enzyme that is present in almost all organisms that are exposed to oxygen
hydrogen peroxide
a reactive oxygen species and the simplest peroxide, a compound having an oxygen–oxygen single bond
parts per million
how many parts a certain molecule or compound makes up within the one million parts of the whole solution
