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24-25 IB Biology Year 2 > C1.1 SL / HL > Flashcards

C1.1 SL / HL Flashcards

1
Q

covalent bond

A

a chemical bond that occurs when atoms share electrons to form electron pairs, or bonding pairs

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2
Q

sucrose

A

a disaccharide, or a type of sugar made up of two simple sugars, glucose and fructose

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3
Q

Bioenergetics

A

the study of how living organisms transform and manage energy

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4
Q

Catalysts

A

a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction or lowers the temperature or pressure required to start one, without being consumed or chemically changed during the reaction

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5
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that act as biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in living organisms

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6
Q

Globular proteins

A

spherical or globe-shaped proteins that are water-soluble and perform a variety of biological roles

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7
Q

Soluble

A

a substance can dissolve in a particular fluid, or solvent

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8
Q

Metabolism

A

he sum of chemical reactions that take place in the body’s cells to provide energy and materials for growth, reproduction, and health

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9
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

a series of biochemical reactions that occur in a cell, converting a substrate into a product

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10
Q

Reactants

A

a substance that enters into a chemical reaction and is altered during the process

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11
Q

intermediates

A

a substance formed during a middle step of a chemical reactionbetween reactants and the desired product

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12
Q

Linear pathway

A

involves the conversion of one compound through a series of intermediates to another compound

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13
Q

Cyclic pathway

A

a cyclic reaction in biology that uses the final product or part of it to start the same pathway again

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14
Q

Endergonic

A

a chemical reaction that absorbs energy and produces products with more energy than the reactants

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15
Q

condensation reaction

A

a chemical reaction that joins two molecules together to form a single molecule, usually with the loss of a small molecule like water

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16
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

chemical reactions that use energy to build larger molecules from smaller ones in living organisms

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17
Q

Exergonic

A

a chemical reaction that releases energy, usually in the form of heat

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18
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

a chemical reaction that breaks down biological molecules using water

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19
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

a chemical reaction that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy in the process

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20
Q

Coupling cellular processes

A

the process of interaction or information exchange between two or more entities in a system

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21
Q

entropy

A

a measure of a system’s disorder, or randomness, and the unavailable energy in a closed system

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22
Q

polymers

A

arge molecules made up of many smaller molecules, called monomers, that are joined together

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23
Q

monomers

A

small molecules or atoms that bond together to form larger, more complex structures called polymers

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24
Q

glucose

A

a type of sugar and the main source of energy for living organisms

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25
amylose
a polysaccharide found in plants and a component of starch that is made up of a linear chain of glucose molecules
26
amylopectin
a branched polymer that is a component of starch
27
glycosidic covalent bond
a covalent bond that connects a carbohydrate molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate
28
starch synthase
an enzyme that helps plants create starch by adding glucose units to a chain of glucose residues+B29
29
DNA replication
the process of copying a cell's DNA to create two identical copies
30
nucleotides
the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA, the nucleic acids that store genetic information in cells
31
phosphodiester covalent bond
a covalent bond that links nucleotides together in DNA and RNA to form a sugar-phosphate backbone
32
DNA polymerase
an enzyme that creates new DNA copies by reading existing DNA strands and adding nucleotides to create new strands that match the originals
33
Protein synthesis
a biological process that occurs in cells to create new proteins from amino acids
34
amino acids
the basic building blocks of proteins, which are the foundation of life
35
peptide covalent bond
a covalent chemical bond that links amino acids together to form proteins
36
ribosome
a cell structure that synthesizes proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into amino acids
37
amylase
an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars, such as glucose, maltose, and maltotriose
38
maltose
a disaccharide sugar that is formed by the condensation of two glucose molecules
39
Lipids
organic compounds that contain hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen atoms, which form the framework for the structure and function of living cells
40
lipase
an enzyme that helps the body digest fats and is produced primarily in the pancreas
41
fatty acid chains
carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains that are important components of lipids in plants, animals, and microorganisms
42
glycerol
a nontoxic, sweet tasting, and viscous fluid that has the chemical formula C3H8O3
43
ester covalent bond
a covalent bond that forms between a carboxylic acid group and an alcohol group, and is formed through the elimination of a water molecule
44
Glycogen
a storage form of glucose that's made up of many connected glucose molecules
45
glycogen phosphorylase
an enzyme that breaks down glycogen, a glucose-storing polymer, to produce glucose-1-phosphate (G1P)
46
Photosynthesis
a biological process that converts light energy into chemical energy, which is used to fuel the metabolism of organisms
47
Cellular respiration
a series of metabolic processes that take place in cells to convert chemical energy into adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
48
Substrate
a substrate is a substance that is acted upon by an enzyme, and an enzyme is a protein that speeds up chemical reactions by interacting with substrates
49
enzyme-substrate complex
a temporary molecule that forms when an enzyme binds to a substrate
50
Active site
the part of an enzyme where a substrate binds and undergoes a chemical reaction
51
Product
the end substance that results from a biological process
52
anabolic enzyme
a protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions that synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones
53
catabolic enzyme
a protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions that break down large molecules into smaller units
54
Enzyme specificity
the ability of an enzyme to only act on a specific substrate and avoid unwanted reactions in its active site
55
Lock and Key model
a theory in biology that explains how enzymes and their substrates fit together
56
Induced-fit model
a biological theory that explains how an enzyme's active site changes shape to bind to a substrate
57
Conformational change
a change in the shape of a macromolecule, such as a protein
58
Activation energy
the minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur
59
Collision theory
a scientific theory that explains how chemical reactions occur, and is used to predict reaction rates, especially for gases
60
momentum
the quantity of motion of a moving body, and is defined as the product of a body's mass and velocity
61
Thermoconformer
an animal that allows its body temperature to fluctuate with the temperature of its environment, and is usually close to it
62
Thermoregulator
an animal that maintenance of core body temperature by balancing heat generation with heat loss
63
Immobilized enzymes
an enzyme that is attached to a solid, insoluble matrix or carrier, or cross-linked to other enzyme molecules, without losing its catalytic activity
64
alginate gel bead
typically used in the form of a hydrogel in biomedicine, including wound healing, drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. Also used in immbolised enzymes and industrial production
65
Lactose-free milk
milk that has had the lactose broken down into smaller molecules that can be digested. This is done by adding the enzyme lactase to regular milk
66
Denatured enzyme
an enzyme that has lost its normal structure and is no longer able to function
67
salinity
the amount of dissolved salt in water
68
chaperonins
large, barrel-like protein complexes that help proteins fold properly
69
renaturation
a biological process that involves the reconstruction of a protein or nucleic acid to its original form, especially after denaturation
70
primary structure
the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein or peptide
71
limiting factor
a condition or variable that can slow or stop a population from growing, or limit the rate of a reaction
72
saturated
being a solution that is unable to absorb or dissolve any more of a solute at a given temperature and pressure
73
osmolarity
the number of particles of solute per liter of solution
74
optimum temperature
the temperature at which an enzyme is most active and catalyzes a biological reaction at its highest rate
75
Optimum pH
the pH level at which an enzyme works best, or when its enzymatic activity is highest
76
Haemoglobin
a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and organs, and carbon dioxide back to the lungs
77
carbonic acid
a weak acid that forms when carbon dioxide dissolves in water
78
Optimum salinity
the concentration of dissolved saltsl at which an enzyme works best, or when its enzymatic activity is highest
79
mols
the International System of Units (SI) unit for measuring the amount of a substance, such as atoms, electrons, or protons
80
Iodine
a chemical test that detects the presence of starch in a sample
81
Benedicts reagent
a chemical reagent used to test for the presence of reducing sugars in biology
82
reducing sugars
carbohydrates that can act as reducing agents in chemical reactions by donating electrons to other molecules
83
qualitative
qualitative refers to the quality of something being assessed, rather than its quantity or size
84
quantitative
the study of living organisms using mathematical, statistical, and computational techniques
85
Colorimeter
a device which helps specific solutions to absorb a particular wavelength of light
86
Catalase
a very common enzyme that is present in almost all organisms that are exposed to oxygen
87
hydrogen peroxide
a reactive oxygen species and the simplest peroxide, a compound having an oxygen–oxygen single bond
88
parts per million
how many parts a certain molecule or compound makes up within the one million parts of the whole solution

24-25 IB Biology Year 2 (41 decks)

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