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24-25 IB Biology Year 2 > C1.1 SL / HL > Flashcards

C1.1 SL / HL Flashcards

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1
Q

covalent bond

A

a chemical bond that occurs when atoms share electrons to form electron pairs, or bonding pairs

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2
Q

sucrose

A

a disaccharide, or a type of sugar made up of two simple sugars, glucose and fructose

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3
Q

Bioenergetics

A

the study of how living organisms transform and manage energy

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4
Q

Catalysts

A

a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction or lowers the temperature or pressure required to start one, without being consumed or chemically changed during the reaction

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5
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that act as biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in living organisms

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6
Q

Globular proteins

A

spherical or globe-shaped proteins that are water-soluble and perform a variety of biological roles

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7
Q

Soluble

A

a substance can dissolve in a particular fluid, or solvent

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8
Q

Metabolism

A

he sum of chemical reactions that take place in the body’s cells to provide energy and materials for growth, reproduction, and health

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9
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

a series of biochemical reactions that occur in a cell, converting a substrate into a product

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10
Q

Reactants

A

a substance that enters into a chemical reaction and is altered during the process

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11
Q

intermediates

A

a substance formed during a middle step of a chemical reactionbetween reactants and the desired product

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12
Q

Linear pathway

A

involves the conversion of one compound through a series of intermediates to another compound

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13
Q

Cyclic pathway

A

a cyclic reaction in biology that uses the final product or part of it to start the same pathway again

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14
Q

Endergonic

A

a chemical reaction that absorbs energy and produces products with more energy than the reactants

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15
Q

condensation reaction

A

a chemical reaction that joins two molecules together to form a single molecule, usually with the loss of a small molecule like water

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16
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

chemical reactions that use energy to build larger molecules from smaller ones in living organisms

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17
Q

Exergonic

A

a chemical reaction that releases energy, usually in the form of heat

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18
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

a chemical reaction that breaks down biological molecules using water

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19
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

a chemical reaction that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy in the process

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20
Q

Coupling cellular processes

A

the process of interaction or information exchange between two or more entities in a system

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21
Q

entropy

A

a measure of a system’s disorder, or randomness, and the unavailable energy in a closed system

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22
Q

polymers

A

arge molecules made up of many smaller molecules, called monomers, that are joined together

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23
Q

monomers

A

small molecules or atoms that bond together to form larger, more complex structures called polymers

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24
Q

glucose

A

a type of sugar and the main source of energy for living organisms

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25
Q

amylose

A

a polysaccharide found in plants and a component of starch that is made up of a linear chain of glucose molecules

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26
Q

amylopectin

A

a branched polymer that is a component of starch

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27
Q

glycosidic covalent bond

A

a covalent bond that connects a carbohydrate molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate

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28
Q

starch synthase

A

an enzyme that helps plants create starch by adding glucose units to a chain of glucose residues+B29

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29
Q

DNA replication

A

the process of copying a cell’s DNA to create two identical copies

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30
Q

nucleotides

A

the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA, the nucleic acids that store genetic information in cells

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31
Q

phosphodiester covalent bond

A

a covalent bond that links nucleotides together in DNA and RNA to form a sugar-phosphate backbone

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32
Q

DNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that creates new DNA copies by reading existing DNA strands and adding nucleotides to create new strands that match the originals

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33
Q

Protein synthesis

A

a biological process that occurs in cells to create new proteins from amino acids

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34
Q

amino acids

A

the basic building blocks of proteins, which are the foundation of life

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35
Q

peptide covalent bond

A

a covalent chemical bond that links amino acids together to form proteins

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36
Q

ribosome

A

a cell structure that synthesizes proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into amino acids

37
Q

amylase

A

an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars, such as glucose, maltose, and maltotriose

38
Q

maltose

A

a disaccharide sugar that is formed by the condensation of two glucose molecules

39
Q

Lipids

A

organic compounds that contain hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen atoms, which form the framework for the structure and function of living cells

40
Q

lipase

A

an enzyme that helps the body digest fats and is produced primarily in the pancreas

41
Q

fatty acid chains

A

carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains that are important components of lipids in plants, animals, and microorganisms

42
Q

glycerol

A

a nontoxic, sweet tasting, and viscous fluid that has the chemical formula C3H8O3

43
Q

ester covalent bond

A

a covalent bond that forms between a carboxylic acid group and an alcohol group, and is formed through the elimination of a water molecule

44
Q

Glycogen

A

a storage form of glucose that’s made up of many connected glucose molecules

45
Q

glycogen phosphorylase

A

an enzyme that breaks down glycogen, a glucose-storing polymer, to produce glucose-1-phosphate (G1P)

46
Q

Photosynthesis

A

a biological process that converts light energy into chemical energy, which is used to fuel the metabolism of organisms

47
Q

Cellular respiration

A

a series of metabolic processes that take place in cells to convert chemical energy into adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

48
Q

Substrate

A

a substrate is a substance that is acted upon by an enzyme, and an enzyme is a protein that speeds up chemical reactions by interacting with substrates

49
Q

enzyme-substrate complex

A

a temporary molecule that forms when an enzyme binds to a substrate

50
Q

Active site

A

the part of an enzyme where a substrate binds and undergoes a chemical reaction

51
Q

Product

A

the end substance that results from a biological process

52
Q

anabolic enzyme

A

a protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions that synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones

53
Q

catabolic enzyme

A

a protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions that break down large molecules into smaller units

54
Q

Enzyme specificity

A

the ability of an enzyme to only act on a specific substrate and avoid unwanted reactions in its active site

55
Q

Lock and Key model

A

a theory in biology that explains how enzymes and their substrates fit together

56
Q

Induced-fit model

A

a biological theory that explains how an enzyme’s active site changes shape to bind to a substrate

57
Q

Conformational change

A

a change in the shape of a macromolecule, such as a protein

58
Q

Activation energy

A

the minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur

59
Q

Collision theory

A

a scientific theory that explains how chemical reactions occur, and is used to predict reaction rates, especially for gases

60
Q

momentum

A

the quantity of motion of a moving body, and is defined as the product of a body’s mass and velocity

61
Q

Thermoconformer

A

an animal that allows its body temperature to fluctuate with the temperature of its environment, and is usually close to it

62
Q

Thermoregulator

A

an animal that maintenance of core body temperature by balancing heat generation with heat loss

63
Q

Immobilized enzymes

A

an enzyme that is attached to a solid, insoluble matrix or carrier, or cross-linked to other enzyme molecules, without losing its catalytic activity

64
Q

alginate gel bead

A

typically used in the form of a hydrogel in biomedicine, including wound healing, drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. Also used in immbolised enzymes and industrial production

65
Q

Lactose-free milk

A

milk that has had the lactose broken down into smaller molecules that can be digested.This is done by adding the enzyme lactase to regular milk

66
Q

Denatured enzyme

A

an enzyme that has lost its normal structure and is no longer able to function

67
Q

salinity

A

the amount of dissolved salt in water

68
Q

chaperonins

A

large, barrel-like protein complexes that help proteins fold properly

69
Q

renaturation

A

a biological process that involves the reconstruction of a protein or nucleic acid to its original form, especially after denaturation

70
Q

primary structure

A

the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein or peptide

71
Q

limiting factor

A

a condition or variable that can slow or stop a population from growing, or limit the rate of a reaction

72
Q

saturated

A

being a solution that is unable to absorb or dissolve any more of a solute at a given temperature and pressure

73
Q

osmolarity

A

the number of particles of solute per liter of solution

74
Q

optimum temperature

A

the temperature at which an enzyme is most active and catalyzes a biological reaction at its highest rate

75
Q

Optimum pH

A

the pH level at which an enzyme works best, or when its enzymatic activity is highest

76
Q

Haemoglobin

A

a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and organs, and carbon dioxide back to the lungs

77
Q

carbonic acid

A

a weak acid that forms when carbon dioxide dissolves in water

78
Q

Optimum salinity

A

the concentration of dissolved saltsl at which an enzyme works best, or when its enzymatic activity is highest

79
Q

mols

A

the International System of Units (SI) unit for measuring the amount of a substance, such as atoms, electrons, or protons

80
Q

Iodine

A

a chemical test that detects the presence of starch in a sample

81
Q

Benedicts reagent

A

a chemical reagent used to test for the presence of reducing sugars in biology

82
Q

reducing sugars

A

carbohydrates that can act as reducing agents in chemical reactions by donating electrons to other molecules

83
Q

qualitative

A

qualitative refers to the quality of something being assessed, rather than its quantity or size

84
Q

quantitative

A

the study of living organisms using mathematical, statistical, and computational techniques

85
Q

Colorimeter

A

a device which helps specific solutions to absorb a particular wavelength of light

86
Q

Catalase

A

a very common enzyme that is present in almost all organisms that are exposed to oxygen

87
Q

hydrogen peroxide

A

a reactive oxygen species and the simplest peroxide, a compound having an oxygen–oxygen single bond

88
Q

parts per million

A

how many parts a certain molecule or compound makes up within the one million parts of the whole solution

24-25 IB Biology Year 2 (27 decks)

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