A2.2 HL only Flashcards
protocells
self-organized, endogenously ordered, spherical collection of lipidsproposed as a rudimentary precursor to cells
infolding
the folding in of an outer layer so as to form a pocket in the surface
endosymbiosis
two organisms living together with one inside the other
internal membranes
egulates the passage of nutrients, metabolites, macromolecules, and information in and out of the cytoplasm and maintains the proton motive force required for energy storage
Compartmentalization
the separation of the cell interior in distinct compartments with specific local conditions that allow the simultaneous occurrence of diverse metabolic reactions and processes
mitochondria
a round to oval-shaped organelle found in the cells of almost all eukaryotic organisms. It produces energy, known as ATP
chloroplasts
an organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis
endocytosis
the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle
aerobic bacteria
bacteria that can grow and live when oxygen is present
photosynthetic bacteria
Bacteria that can utilize sunlight to produce their food
Endosymbiotic theory
proposes that mitochondria originated as free-living Alphaproteobacteria that were internalized by a pre-eukaryotic host cell, leading to the formation of the modern eukaryotic cell
endocytosis
the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle
binary fission
the process of one cell simply dividing into two
Genome
the entire set of DNA instructions found in a cell
Housekeeping genes
a set of genes that are constitutively expressed in cells and are essential for basic cellular functions
Differentiation
the process where less specialized cells undergo changes to develop specialized structures and functions
expressed
the process by which the information encoded in a gene is turned into a function. This mostly occurs via the transcription of RNA molecules
Stem cells
cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body
spermatogonium
an undifferentiated male germ cell
spermatids
a product of the second meiotic division that undergoes a complex process of morphological and functional changes known as spermiogenesis
mature sperm cells
a spermatozoa, which is formed by meiosis and is haploid in nature
zygote
fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm)
Totipotent
the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism, including extraembryonic tissues
Pluripotent
A cell that is able to develop into many different types of cells or tissues in the body
Multipotent
the cell’s ability of self-renewal and developing into multiple specialized cell types present in a particular tissue or organ
Unipotent
capable of developing into only one type of cell or tissue
Blastocyst
an early embryonic structure formed after the fertilization of an egg
Embryo
Early stage in the development of humans and other animals or plants
Skin stem cells
multipotent adult stem cells present in the adult skin, which can self-renew and differentiate into different cell lineages of the skin
Tissue
a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit
Organs
a group of tissues in a living organism that have been adapted to perform a specific function
Organ systems
a biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions
Melanin
a substance in your body that produces hair, eye and skin pigmentation
Shoot apex
the tip of the stem, which contains meristematic cells and the region of growth
photoperiod
the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of light or a dark period
multicellularity
an organism composed of many cells
Aggregation
a group of organisms of the same or different species living closely together but less integrated than a society
biofilms
a community of microorganisms attached to an inert or living surface by a self-produced polymeric matrix or an assemblage of microbial cells associated with a surface and enclosed in a matrix of primarily polysaccharide material
Daughter cells
the cells that are formed after cell division
Volvox
polyphyletic genus of chlorophyte green algae in the family Volvocaceae. Volvox species form spherical colonies of up to 50,000 cells
somatic (body) cells
any biological cell forming the body of a multicellular organism other than a gamete
gonidia
an asexual reproductive cell or group of cells especially in algae (such as volvox)
