D1.2 SL / HL

Question 1

DNA

Answer 1

a molecule that contains the genetic information for an organism’s development and function

Question 2

RNA

Answer 2

a nucleic acid that carries genetic information and is present in all living cells

Question 3

genes

Answer 3

a segment of DNA that contains instructions for making proteins

Question 4

transcription

Answer 4

the process of making an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence.

Question 5

RNA polymerase

Answer 5

an enzyme that is responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence, duyring the process of transcription

Question 6

promoter sequence

Answer 6

DNA sequences that define where transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase begins

Question 7

template strand

Answer 7

a DNA strand that serves as a guide for making a complementary strand of RNA or DNA

Question 8

complementary base-pairing rules

Answer 8

adenine will always pair with its complement thymine and cytosine will always pair with its complement guanine

Question 9

mRNA

Answer 9

a single-stranded RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm of a cell

Question 10

tRNA

Answer 10

a small RNA molecule that helps build proteins by carrying amino acids to the ribosome

Question 11

rRNA

Answer 11

a type of RNA that’s a key component of ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis

Question 12

ribozymes

Answer 12

a ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecule that acts as an enzyme to speed up chemical reactions

Question 13

ribosomes

Answer 13

organelles that are made of RNA and protein, and are responsible for protein synthesis in cells

Question 14

Sense strand

Answer 14

a DNA strand that contains the code for making proteins

Question 15

Anti-sense strand

Answer 15

a non-coding DNA strand that serves as a template for producing messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 16

mutations

Answer 16

a change in the DNA sequence of an organism

Question 17

somatic cells

Answer 17

the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells

Question 18

gametes

Answer 18

reproductive cells, also known as sex cells, that are used during sexual reproduction

Question 19

Gene expression

Answer 19

the process by which the information encoded in a gene is turned into a function. This mostly occurs via the transcription of RNA molecules.

Question 20

differentiation

Answer 20

the process by which immature cells develop into mature cells with specific functions

Question 21

cytoplasm

Answer 21

the fluid that fills the inside of a cell, excluding the nucleus

Question 22

nuclear pores

Answer 22

a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Question 23

prokaryotes

Answer 23

any organism that lacks a distinct nucleus and other organellesdue to the absence of internal membranes

Question 24

peptide bonds

Answer 24

a covalent bond that joins amino acids together to form polypeptides and proteins

Question 25

Small ribosomal subunit

Answer 25

a part of a ribosome that decodes genetic information. It's responsible for the first step of protein synthesis, called initiation

Question 26

Large ribosomal subunit

Answer 26

the larger of the two subunits that make up a ribosome. It's responsible for linking amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain

Question 27

A-site (amino)

Answer 27

a binding site on a ribosome where transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules attach during protein synthesis

Question 28

P-site (peptidyl)

Answer 28

a binding site in the ribosome that holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis

Question 29

E-site (exit)

Answer 29

a binding site on the ribosome where uncharged transfer RNA (tRNA) exits after donating its amino acid during protein synthesis

Question 30

Triplet

Answer 30

a sequence of three bases in DNA or RNA that codes for a specific amino acid

Question 31

codon

Answer 31

mRNA sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) that forms a unit of genomic information encoding a particular amino acid

Question 32

anticodon

Answer 32

a sequence of three nucleotides that matches a codon in messenger RNA (mRNA).Anticodons are found in transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules.

Question 33

Degenerate code

Answer 33

when multiple codons can code for the same amino acid

Question 34

start codon (AUG)

Answer 34

a sequence of three nucleotides in messenger RNA (mRNA) that signals the start of protein synthesis

Question 35

methionine (Met)

Answer 35

an essential amino acid that contains sulfur and is vital for protein synthesis

Question 36

stop codon (UAA, UGA, and UAG)

Answer 36

a sequence of three nucleotides (UAA, UAG, or UGA) that signals the end of protein synthesis in a cell

Question 37

Base substitution mutation

Answer 37

a genetic mutation that occurs when a single base in DNA is swapped for another

Question 38

Point mutation

Answer 38

A genetic alteration caused by the substitution of a single nucleotide for another nucleotide

Question 39

Genetic disease

Answer 39

a disease caused in whole or in part by a change in the DNA sequence away from the normal sequence

Question 40

Hemoglobin

Answer 40

an iron-rich protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and organs

Question 41

Hb gene

Answer 41

genes that code for the proteins that make up hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

Question 42

alleles

Answer 42

different versions of a gene that occur at the same location on a chromosome

Question 43

HbA (normal)

Answer 43

the main type of hemoglobin in healthy adult red blood cells

Question 44

HbS (sickle shape)

Answer 44

an abnormal form of hemoglobin that causes red blood cells to sickle, or curve into a crescent shape

Question 45

Sickle cell disease

Answer 45

a genetic blood disorder that causes red blood cells to become misshapen and sickle-shaped