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24-25 IB Biology Year 2 > D2.1 SL / HL > Flashcards

D2.1 SL / HL Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A

a scientific theory that states that all living things are made up of cells, and that all cells come from other cells

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2
Q

cellular division

A

the process by which a cell splits into two or more daughter cells

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3
Q

Binary fission

A

a type of asexual reproduction where a cell splits into two identical daughter cells

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4
Q

Mitosis

A

a process in which a cell’s nucleus divides into two identical nuclei, which then produces two identical daughter cells

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5
Q

Meiosis

A

a type of cell division that produces gametes, or sex cells, like sperm and eggs

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6
Q

daughter cells

A

cells that are formed when a parent cell divides

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7
Q

parent cell

A

a cell that divides to produce new cells, called daughter cells

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8
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the physical process that divides a cell’s cytoplasm into two daughter cells

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9
Q

multinucleated skeletal muscle cells

A

muscle fibers that contain more than one nucleus

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10
Q

Contractile ring

A

a ring-shaped structure that constricts a cell during cytokinesis, the final stage of cell division

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11
Q

cleavage furrow

A

an indentation in the surface of a dividing cell that separates the cell into two daughter cells

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12
Q

Vesicles

A

a small, fluid-filled sac within a cell that is bound by a membrane

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13
Q

cellulose

A

a natural polymer and carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of plants

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14
Q

cell plate

A

a structure that forms in a plant cell during cytokinesis, separating the cytoplasm of two daughter cells

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15
Q

plasmodesmata

A

channels that connect plant cells, allowing molecules to move between them

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16
Q

Unequal cytokinesis

A

a type of cell division where the cytoplasm is divided unevenly, resulting in daughter cells of different sizes

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17
Q

Budding

A

a type of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from a bud on a parent organism

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18
Q

Oogenesis

A

the process of creating female gametes, or ova, in the ovaries

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19
Q

polar body

A

a small haploid cell that is formed at the same time as an egg cell during oogenesis, but generally does not have the ability to be fertilized

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20
Q

Haploid

A

the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells

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21
Q

Diploid

A

the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair

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22
Q

Nuclear division

A

the process by which a cell’s nucleus divides before the cell itself divides

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23
Q

chromosomes

A

thread-like structures in the nucleus of cells that carry DNA, which contains genetic information

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24
Q

anucleated

A

a cell lacks a nucleus

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25
Q

reduction division

A

a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half

26
Q

recombination

A

the process of exchanging genetic material between or within chromosomes

27
Q

centromere

A

a constricted region of a chromosome that helps divide DNA during cell division

28
Q

chromatids

A

one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been copied in preparation for cell division

29
Q

cohesin protein

A

a protein complex that holds together sister chromatids during cell division

30
Q

replicated chromosomes

A

chromosomes that have been duplicated to create identical copies of themselves

31
Q

Sister chromatids

A

identical copies of a chromosome that are joined at the centromere

32
Q

histone

A

a protein in the nucleus of a cell that helps organize DNA into chromosomes and regulate gene activity

33
Q

nucleosome

A

a DNA segment wrapped around a core of proteins, which is the fundamental unit of chromatin

34
Q

Euchromatin

A

a loosely packed form of chromatin that is rich in genes and is often actively transcribed

35
Q

heterochromatin

A

a chromosomal region that is dense and compact, and contains repetitive DNA sequences

36
Q

microtubules (spindle fibers)

A

Long protein fibers called microtubules extend from the centrioles in all possible directions, forming what is called a spindle

37
Q

tubulin

A

a protein that makes up microtubules, which are hollow tubes that help cells move and divide

38
Q

MTOCs (microtubule organizing centers)

A

a structure found in eukaryotic cells from which microtubules emerge

39
Q

kinetochore

A

large protein assemblies that connect chromosomes to microtubules of the mitotic and meiotic spindles in order to distribute the replicated genome from a mother cell to its daughters

40
Q

interphase

A

the stage of the cell cycle when a cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for cell division

41
Q

G1 phase

A

the growth phase, where cells are provisioned with metabolites while most biosynthesis occurs

42
Q

S phase

A

a stage of the cell cycle when DNA is copied

43
Q

G2 phase

A

the second growth period of the cell cycle following DNA replication and preceding prophase, during which the cell forms the materials that make up the spindle

44
Q

G0 phase

A

the phase in the cell cycle in which the cell is neither dividing nor preparing for division

45
Q

Prophase

A

the first stage of cell division in mitosis and meiosis.It’s characterized by the condensation of chromosomes and the formation of the mitotic spindle

46
Q

Metaphase

A

a stage of cell division where chromosomes condense and align in the middle of a cell

47
Q

metaphase plate

A

an imaginary line that runs through the center of a cell during metaphase, a stage of cell division.Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate, which is equidistant from the cell’s two poles

48
Q

Anapahse

A

the stage of cell division when duplicated chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of a cell

49
Q

Telophase

A

the final stage of cell division in mitosis or meiosis, when chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei

50
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

pairs of chromosomes in a cell that have the same genes in the same order, but may have slight variations

51
Q

bivalents

A

a pair of homologous chromosomes that are connected by crossovers and sister chromatid cohesion

52
Q

Crossing-over

A

the process of exchanging DNA between homologous chromosomes during meiosis

53
Q

non-sister chromatids

A

chromatids that come from different homologous chromosomes

54
Q

Random orientation

A

the random arrangement of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I of meiosis

55
Q

Fertilization

A

the process when two gametes, or sex cells, fuse to create a zygote

56
Q

diploid zygote

A

a fertilized egg cell that contains two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

57
Q

non-disjunction

A

a biological error that occurs when chromosomes fail to separate during cell division

58
Q

Trisomy

A

a genetic condition where a person has three copies of a chromosome instead of the normal two

59
Q

Monosomy

A

a condition where a cell or organism has one copy of a chromosome instead of the usual two

60
Q

Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)

A

a genetic condition that occurs when a person has an extra copy of chromosome 21

61
Q

Chiasma

A

the point where two non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes touch

62
Q

recombinant chromatids

A

chromatids that contain a combination of maternal and paternal genes

24-25 IB Biology Year 2 (41 decks)

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