D2.1 HL only

Question 1

zygote

Answer 1

a cell that forms when a sperm and egg fuse during fertilization

Question 2

embryo

Answer 2

the early stage of development for a multicellular organism, such as a human, animal, or plant

Question 3

Ectoderm

Answer 3

the outermost layer of cells in an embryo, and is the source of many tissues and organs

Question 4

Mesoderm

Answer 4

the middle layer of cells in an embryo that develops into many tissues and organs

Question 5

Endoderm

Answer 5

the innermost layer of cells in a developing embryo

Question 6

differentiate

Answer 6

the process by which immature cells become mature cells with specific functions

Question 7

Meristem

Answer 7

a plant tissue made up of undifferentiated cells that can divide and develop into other cell types

Question 8

stem cells

Answer 8

cells that can divide and differentiate into many different types of cells in the body

Question 9

Apical meristem

Answer 9

a region of actively dividing cells at the tips of plant roots and shoots that is responsible for primary growth

Question 10

Lateral meristem

Answer 10

a type of plant tissue that allows plants to grow in width, or laterally

Question 11

cell cycle

Answer 11

the series of events that take place in a cell before it divides

Question 12

Interphase

Answer 12

the stage of the cell cycle when a cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for cell division

Question 13

G1 phase

Answer 13

the first stage of the cell cycle, where a cell prepares to divide by growing and making proteins

Question 14

S phase

Answer 14

a stage of the cell cycle when DNA is copied

Question 15

G2 phase

Answer 15

the period in the cell cycle when a cell grows, synthesizes proteins, and prepares for mitosis

Question 16

M phase

Answer 16

the stage of the cell cycle when a cell divides into two new cells

Question 17

G0 phase

Answer 17

a resting state of a cell where it is not dividing or preparing to divide

Question 18

Gene expression

Answer 18

the process by which the information encoded in a gene is turned into a function

Question 19

protein synthesis

Answer 19

the process by which cells create proteins, which are essential for the functioning of living organisms

Question 20

Checkpoints

Answer 20

a control point in the cell cycle that assesses conditions before allowing the cell to progress

Question 21

cyclin

Answer 21

proteins that regulate the cell cycle

Question 22

cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs)

Answer 22

enzymes that regulate cell division and transcription

Question 23

G1 checkpoint

Answer 23

a critical point in the cell cycle that determines whether a cell can proceed to DNA replication and cell division

Question 24

G2 checkpoint

Answer 24

a control point in the cell cycle that ensures DNA is replicated and undamaged before a cell divides

Question 25

M checkpoint

Answer 25

a cell cycle mechanism that ensures chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle apparatus before cell division

Question 26

DNA polymerase

Answer 26

an enzyme that copies DNA during cell division

Question 27

Carcinogens

Answer 27

a substance, organism, or agent that can cause cancer

Question 28

Cancer

Answer 28

a disease that occurs when cells grow and divide uncontrollably, which can lead to the formation of tumors that spread to other parts of the body

Question 29

tumor

Answer 29

an abnormal growth of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide too much or don't die when they should

Question 30

Proto-oncogenes

Answer 30

genes that normally help cells grow and divide, but can become oncogenes that cause cancer if they mutate

Question 31

oncogenes

Answer 31

mutated genes that can cause cancer by causing cells to grow and divide uncontrollably

Question 32

apoptosis

Answer 32

a biological process that involves the destruction of cells that are no longer functional

Question 33

Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs)

Answer 33

genes that regulate cell growth and division, and can prevent the development of cancer

Question 34

Benign tumor

Answer 34

a non-cancerous growth that doesn't spread to other parts of the body

Question 35

chemotherapy

Answer 35

a cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill or stop the growth of cancer cells

Question 36

radiotherapy

Answer 36

The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, protons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors

Question 37

Malignant tumor

Answer 37

cells that grow uncontrollably and spread locally and/or to distant sites

Question 38

primary tumor

Answer 38

A term used to describe the original, or first, tumor in the body

Question 39

secondary tumor

Answer 39

A term used to describe cancer that has spread (metastasized) from the place where it first started to another part of the body

Question 40

metastasis

Answer 40

The spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body

Question 41

oncologists

Answer 41

A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating cancer in adults using chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, biological therapy, and targeted therapy

Question 42

Mitotic index

Answer 42

the ratio of the number of cells undergoing mitosis (cell division) to the number of cells not undergoing mitosis