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24-25 IB Biology Year 2 > D2.1 HL only > Flashcards

D2.1 HL only Flashcards

1
Q

zygote

A

a cell that forms when a sperm and egg fuse during fertilization

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2
Q

embryo

A

the early stage of development for a multicellular organism, such as a human, animal, or plant

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3
Q

Ectoderm

A

the outermost layer of cells in an embryo, and is the source of many tissues and organs

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4
Q

Mesoderm

A

the middle layer of cells in an embryo that develops into many tissues and organs

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5
Q

Endoderm

A

the innermost layer of cells in a developing embryo

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6
Q

differentiate

A

the process by which immature cells become mature cells with specific functions

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7
Q

Meristem

A

a plant tissue made up of undifferentiated cells that can divide and develop into other cell types

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8
Q

stem cells

A

cells that can divide and differentiate into many different types of cells in the body

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9
Q

Apical meristem

A

a region of actively dividing cells at the tips of plant roots and shoots that is responsible for primary growth

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10
Q

Lateral meristem

A

a type of plant tissue that allows plants to grow in width, or laterally

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11
Q

cell cycle

A

the series of events that take place in a cell before it divides

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12
Q

Interphase

A

the stage of the cell cycle when a cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for cell division

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13
Q

G1 phase

A

the first stage of the cell cycle, where a cell prepares to divide by growing and making proteins

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14
Q

S phase

A

a stage of the cell cycle when DNA is copied

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15
Q

G2 phase

A

the period in the cell cycle when a cell grows, synthesizes proteins, and prepares for mitosis

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16
Q

M phase

A

the stage of the cell cycle when a cell divides into two new cells

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17
Q

G0 phase

A

a resting state of a cell where it is not dividing or preparing to divide

18
Q

Gene expression

A

the process by which the information encoded in a gene is turned into a function

19
Q

protein synthesis

A

the process by which cells create proteins, which are essential for the functioning of living organisms

20
Q

Checkpoints

A

a control point in the cell cycle that assesses conditions before allowing the cell to progress

21
Q

cyclin

A

proteins that regulate the cell cycle

22
Q

cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs)

A

enzymes that regulate cell division and transcription

23
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

a critical point in the cell cycle that determines whether a cell can proceed to DNA replication and cell division

24
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

a control point in the cell cycle that ensures DNA is replicated and undamaged before a cell divides

25
Q

M checkpoint

A

a cell cycle mechanism that ensures chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle apparatus before cell division

26
Q

DNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that copies DNA during cell division

27
Q

Carcinogens

A

a substance, organism, or agent that can cause cancer

28
Q

Cancer

A

a disease that occurs when cells grow and divide uncontrollably, which can lead to the formation of tumors that spread to other parts of the body

29
Q

tumor

A

an abnormal growth of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide too much or don’t die when they should

30
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

genes that normally help cells grow and divide, but can become oncogenes that cause cancer if they mutate

31
Q

oncogenes

A

mutated genes that can cause cancer by causing cells to grow and divide uncontrollably

32
Q

apoptosis

A

a biological process that involves the destruction of cells that are no longer functional

33
Q

Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs)

A

genes that regulate cell growth and division, and can prevent the development of cancer

34
Q

Benign tumor

A

a non-cancerous growth that doesn’t spread to other parts of the body

35
Q

chemotherapy

A

a cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill or stop the growth of cancer cells

36
Q

radiotherapy

A

The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, protons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors

37
Q

Malignant tumor

A

cells that grow uncontrollably and spread locally and/or to distant sites

38
Q

primary tumor

A

A term used to describe the original, or first, tumor in the body

39
Q

secondary tumor

A

A term used to describe cancer that has spread (metastasized) from the place where it first started to another part of the body

40
Q

metastasis

A

The spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body

41
Q

oncologists

A

A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating cancer in adults using chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, biological therapy, and targeted therapy

42
Q

Mitotic index

A

the ratio of the number of cells undergoing mitosis (cell division) to the number of cells not undergoing mitosis

24-25 IB Biology Year 2 (35 decks)

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