A3.2 HL only Flashcards

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1
Q

Classification

A

the process of arranging organisms, both living and extinct, into groups based on similar characteristics

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2
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

a system of naming plants and animals in which each species is given a name consisting of two terms of which the first names the genus and the second the species itself

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3
Q

taxa

A

a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit

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4
Q

paradigm shift

A

a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline

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5
Q

Convergent evolution

A

occurs when organisms that aren’t closely related evolve similar features or behaviours, often as solutions to the same problems

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6
Q

phyla

A

a major group of animals or in some classificationsplants sharing one or more fundamental characteristics that set them apart from all other animals and plants and forming a primary category of the animal or plant kingdom

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7
Q

Cladistics

A

a method of hypothesizing relationships among organisms

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8
Q

homologous traits

A

similarities in structures of these organisms even when the function was not the same

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9
Q

common ancestor

A

an ancestral group of organisms that is shared by multiple lineages

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10
Q

cladogram

A

a diagram that shows relationships between species

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11
Q

clade

A

a grouping that includes a common ancestor and all the descendants (living and extinct) of that ancestor

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12
Q

node

A

the point on a stem where a leaf or leaves are, or have been attached

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13
Q

Homologous structures

A

similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions

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14
Q

Pentadactyl limb

A

any limb that has five digits(e.g. five fingers or toes) Pentadactyl limbs are present in many species from many groups of organisms, including mammals, reptiles and amphibians

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15
Q

homologous molecule sequences

A

the degree of similarity in the genetic sequences of different proteins or molecules

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16
Q

Mutations

A

a change in a DNA sequence

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17
Q

Substitution

A

a type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide

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18
Q

Deletion

A

A type of genetic change that involves the absence of a segment of DNA

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19
Q

Insertion

A

a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA

20
Q

degenerate code

A

multiple codons, or sets of three nucleotides, can code for the same amino acid during protein synthesis

21
Q

mutagens

A

a chemical or physical agent capable of inducing changes in DNA called mutations

22
Q

carcinogens

A

a substance, organism or agent capable of causing cancer

23
Q

Molecular clock

A

measures the number of changes, or mutations, which accumulate in the gene sequences of different species over time

24
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

A

a virus that attacks cells that help the body fight infection, making a person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases

25
Q

lymphocytes

A

a type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells

26
Q

Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome

A

A disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). People with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are at an increased risk for developing certain cancers and for infections that usually occur only in individuals with a weak immune system. Also called AIDS

27
Q

simian immunodeficiency virus

A

members of theLentivirusgenus of Retroviruses that infect nonhuman primates such as monkeys, chimpanzees, and gorillas

28
Q

Zoonotic transmission

A

an infectious disease that is transmitted between species from animals to humans (or from humans to animals)

29
Q

Retrovirus

A

A type of virus that has RNA instead of DNA as its genetic material. It uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to become part of the host cells’ DNA

30
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

an enzyme that converts RNA into DNA, commonly found in retroviruses like HIV

31
Q

Bioinformatics

A

an interdisciplinary field of science that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data

32
Q

Homology

A

similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent from a common evolutionary ancestor

33
Q

BLAST

A

finds regions of similarity between biological sequences. The program compares nucleotide or protein sequences tosequence databasesand calculates the statistical significance

34
Q

Mitochondria DNA

A

thecircular chromosomefound inside the cellular organelles called mitochondria

35
Q

parsimony

A

the principle that, out of all possible explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest of the set is most likely to be correct

36
Q

Root

A

the central trunk of a cladogram that indicates the ancestor common to all groups branching from it. A cladogram uses branching lines that end in a clade, which is a group of organisms sharing a common hypothetical ancestor

37
Q

Outgroup

A

assumes that one or more of the taxa are divergent from the rest of the taxa (ingroup)

38
Q

Reclassification

A

updating the classification of an organism based on modern cladistic techniques

39
Q

Red Pandas

A

bamboo eaters native to Asia’s high forests. Despite these similarities and their shared name, the two species are not closely related

40
Q

Figworts

A

any of a genus (Scrophularia) of chiefly herbaceous often fetid plants of the snapdragon family with terminal cymes of small purple, yellow, or greenish flowers

41
Q

Domain

A

the highest taxonomicrankin the hierarchical biological classification system, above the kingdom level. There arethree domains of life, the Archaea, the Bacteria, and the Eucarya

42
Q

Eubacteria

A

prokaryotic microorganismsconsisting of a single cell lacking a nucleus and containing DNA is a single circular chromosome

43
Q

Archaea

A

single-celled microorganisms with structure similar to bacteria. They are evolutionarily distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes and form the thirddomain of life

44
Q

Eukaryotes

A

any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus. The eukaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus

45
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

proposes that mitochondria originated as free-living Alphaproteobacteria that were internalized by a pre-eukaryotic host cell, leading to the formation of the modern eukaryotic cell