A3.1 HL only Flashcards
Biological species concept
a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
clones
an organism, cell, or DNA sequence that is an exact or nearly identical genetic copy of another
Binary fission
a type of asexual reproduction in biology where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells
Sexual reproduction
the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes
zygote
a fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg or ovum) and a male gamete (sperm)
diploid
a cell, organism, or generation that has two complete sets of chromosomes in its nucleus
Gametes
reproductive cells, or sex cells, that organisms use during sexual reproduction to create new organisms
Haploid
an organism, cell, or nucleus that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes
Fertilization
the process of joining sex cells to create a new living thing
Asexual reproduction
a type of reproduction in which a single parent organism produces offspring without the involvement of gametes or fertilization
Apomixis
a type of asexual reproduction in plants that produces seeds without genetic fusion or fertilization
Horizontal gene transfer
the movement of genetic information between organisms that are not related by reproduction
Plasmids
a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell’s chromosomal DNA
Transduction
the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another
Conjugation
a sexual process where two organisms of the same species exchange genetic material through direct contact
Transformation
the process by which a cell takes up foreign genetic material, or exogenous DNA, from its environment and incorporates it into its chromosome
Gene flow
the transfer of genetic material between populations, which can be of the same or different species
Reduction division
a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half
Meiosis
a type of cell division that happens in sexually reproducing organisms to produce sex cells, or gametes, like sperm and egg cells
Meiosis I
the first division (the reduction devision) of meiosis, a type of cell division that is unique to germ cells
Meiosis II
a mitotic division that occurs after meiosis I, and is the second step of meiotic division
Dichotomous key
a tool that can be used to identify organisms or objects in the natural world, such as plants, animals, or rocks
DNA barcode
a taxonomic method that uses a short genetic marker in an organism’s DNA to identify at the species level
