A3.1 HL only

Question 1

Biological species concept

Answer 1

a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Question 2

clones

Answer 2

an organism, cell, or DNA sequence that is an exact or nearly identical genetic copy of another

Question 3

Binary fission

Answer 3

a type of asexual reproduction in biology where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells

Question 4

Sexual reproduction

Answer 4

the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes

Question 5

zygote

Answer 5

a fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg or ovum) and a male gamete (sperm)

Question 6

diploid

Answer 6

a cell, organism, or generation that has two complete sets of chromosomes in its nucleus

Question 7

Gametes

Answer 7

reproductive cells, or sex cells, that organisms use during sexual reproduction to create new organisms

Question 8

Haploid

Answer 8

an organism, cell, or nucleus that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes

Question 9

Fertilization

Answer 9

the process of joining sex cells to create a new living thing

Question 10

Asexual reproduction

Answer 10

a type of reproduction in which a single parent organism produces offspring without the involvement of gametes or fertilization

Question 11

Apomixis

Answer 11

a type of asexual reproduction in plants that produces seeds without genetic fusion or fertilization

Question 12

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 12

the movement of genetic information between organisms that are not related by reproduction

Question 13

Plasmids

Answer 13

a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell’s chromosomal DNA

Question 14

Transduction

Answer 14

the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another

Question 15

Conjugation

Answer 15

a sexual process where two organisms of the same species exchange genetic material through direct contact

Question 16

Transformation

Answer 16

the process by which a cell takes up foreign genetic material, or exogenous DNA, from its environment and incorporates it into its chromosome

Question 17

Gene flow

Answer 17

the transfer of genetic material between populations, which can be of the same or different species

Question 18

Reduction division

Answer 18

a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half

Question 19

Meiosis

Answer 19

a type of cell division that happens in sexually reproducing organisms to produce sex cells, or gametes, like sperm and egg cells

Question 20

Meiosis I

Answer 20

the first division (the reduction devision) of meiosis, a type of cell division that is unique to germ cells

Question 21

Meiosis II

Answer 21

a mitotic division that occurs after meiosis I, and is the second step of meiotic division

Question 22

Dichotomous key

Answer 22

a tool that can be used to identify organisms or objects in the natural world, such as plants, animals, or rocks

Question 23

DNA barcode

Answer 23

a taxonomic method that uses a short genetic marker in an organism’s DNA to identify at the species level