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24-25 IB Biology Year 2 > A1.2 SL / HL > Flashcards

A1.2 SL / HL Flashcards

1
Q

organic material

A

the large source of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial, and aquatic environments

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2
Q

biological molecules

A

any of numerous substances that are produced by cells and living organisms

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3
Q

Carbohydrates

A

an organic compound such as sugar or starch, and is used to store energy

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4
Q

Lipids

A

fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble inpolar solvents such as water

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5
Q

Proteins

A

complex substance that consists of amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds

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6
Q

Nucleic acids

A

macromolecules made out of units called nucleotides

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7
Q

genetic information

A

The heritable biological information coded in the nucleotide sequences of DNA or RNA

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8
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning ofan organism

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9
Q

heredity

A

the sum of all biological processes by which particular characteristics aretransmitted from parents to their offspring

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10
Q

Ribonucleic acid

A

a nucleic acid present in all living cells that has structural similarities to DNA

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11
Q

genes

A

the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA and each chromosome contains many genes

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12
Q

gene expression

A

process by which the information encoded in a gene is turned into a function

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13
Q

Viruses

A

are microscopic organisms that can infect hosts

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14
Q

RNA-based viruses

A

a virus—other than a retrovirus—that has ribonucleic acid (RNA) as its genetic material

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15
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

an enzyme that converts RNA into DNA, commonly found in retroviruses like HIV

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16
Q

Polymer

A

large molecules composed of similar smaller molecules in a chain-like link

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17
Q

condensation reaction

A

a reaction in which two molecules combine to form a single molecule

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18
Q

Monomer

A

atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers

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19
Q

Nucleotides

A

a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base

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20
Q

phosphate group

A

a phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms

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21
Q

pentose

A

any of various sugars containing five carbon atoms in a molecule

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22
Q

nitrogenous base

A

A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base

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23
Q

Adenine (A)

A

nucleotide in DNA and RNA that pairs with thymine and uracil

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24
Q

Thymine (T)

A

nucleotide in DNA that pairs with adenine

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25
Q

Cytosine (C)

A

nucleotide in DNA and RNA that pairs with guanine

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26
Q

Guanine (G)

A

nucleotide in DNA and RNA that pairs with cytosine

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27
Q

Uracil (U)

A

nucleotide in RNA that pairs with adenine

28
Q

Carbon counting

A

technique used to find specific carbon atoms in organic molecules

29
Q

phosphodiester bonds

A

a covalent linkage between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the hydroxyl (OH) group attached to the 3′ carbon of the deoxyribose sugar in an adjacent nucleotide

30
Q

ds DNA

A

consists of two polynucleotide chains whosenitrogenous basesare connected by hydrogen bonds

31
Q

anti-parallel

A

the strands run in opposite directions, parallel to one another

32
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene

33
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein

34
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells

35
Q

purines

A

a double-ring base that pairs with pyrimidines; A and G bases

36
Q

pyrimidines

A

a single-ring base that pairs with purines; C, U, and T bases

37
Q

sequence

A

a single, continuous molecule of nucleic acid or protein

38
Q

mutation

A

a change in the DNA sequence of an organism

39
Q

clones

A

deliberate production of genetically identical individuals

40
Q

identical twins

A

result from the fertilization of a single egg by a single sperm, with the fertilized egg then splitting into two

41
Q

5’à 3’ direction

A

direction that DNA is formed and read at new necleotides are added to the 3’ end of the previous nucleotide

42
Q

double helix

A

two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder in a helix-like shape

43
Q

base pair

A

Two nitrogen-containing bases (or nucleotides) that pair together to form the structure of DNA

44
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

The attraction between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom attached to a highly electronegative atom (such as nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine) and another nearby electronegative atom

45
Q

complementary base pairing

A

thymine pairs with adenine (T-A); guanine pairs with cytosine (G-C)

46
Q

Replicate

A

to make a copy of genetic material

47
Q

Transcribe

A

the process of making an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence

48
Q

translate

A

the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis

49
Q

protein synthesis

A

the process that cells use to create proteins through transcription and translation

50
Q

Prokaryotes

A

anyorganism that lacks a distinct nucleus and other organelles due to the absence ofinternal membranes

51
Q

single-celled organisms

A

an organism that consists of a single cell

52
Q

nucleoid

A

an irregularly shaped region within the prokaryotic cell that contains all or most of the genetic material

53
Q

plasmids

A

a small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria and some other microscopic organisms

54
Q

cytoplasm

A

the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

55
Q

Eukaryotes

A

any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus

56
Q

nuclear envelope

A

a highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells

57
Q

nucleus

A

the membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the chromosomes

58
Q

mDNA

A

the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

59
Q

nuclear pore

A

a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm+B60

60
Q

Semi-conservative replication

A

during DNA replication, the two strands of nucleotides separate.Both strands then form the template for free nucleotides to bind to to create the two identical daughter strands

61
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

the main enzyme responsible for DNA replication

62
Q

RNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that is responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence

63
Q

anti-sense strand

A

the non-coding DNA strand of a gene

64
Q

sense strand

A

the segment within double-stranded DNA that carries the translatable code in the 5′ to 3′ direction

65
Q

codon

A

a DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) that forms a unit of genomic information encoding a particular amino acid

66
Q

anti-codon

A

a trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule, which is complementary to a corresponding codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence

67
Q

LUCA

A

the hypothesized common ancestral cell from which thethree domains of life, the Bacteria, the Archaea, and the Eukarya originated

24-25 IB Biology Year 2 (41 decks)

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