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24-25 IB Biology Year 2 > D3.1 SL/HL > Flashcards

D3.1 SL/HL Flashcards

1
Q

sexual reproduction

A

a biological process that creates new organisms by combining genetic information from two parents of different sexes. This process involves the fusion of sex cells, or gametes, from each parent.

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2
Q

asexual reproduction

A

a process that creates offspring without the involvement of sex cells or fertilization.It only requires one parent, and the offspring are genetically identical to that parent.

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3
Q

Binary fission

A

a type of asexual reproduction where a cell splits into two identical daughter cells

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4
Q

Mitosis

A

a type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell.It’s a vital process for growth and tissue repair.

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5
Q

Budding

A

a type of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from a bud on a parent organism

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6
Q

Fragmentation

A

a type of asexual reproduction where an organism splits into pieces, or fragments, and each fragment grows into a new organism

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7
Q

Vegetative reproduction

A

a type of asexual reproduction in plants where a new plant grows from a part of the parent plant

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8
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

a type of asexual reproduction where an unfertilized egg develops into an embryo

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9
Q

Reduction division

A

a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half.It’s the first division of meiosis, and it occurs in the testes and ovaries to produce reproductive cells.

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10
Q

diploid

A

a cell or organism has two complete sets of chromosomes

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11
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have the same genes, but may have slight variations

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12
Q

crossing over

A

the process of exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis

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13
Q

random orientation

A

the random alignment of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I of meiosis

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14
Q

sperm

A

a male reproductive cell that carries genetic material and fertilizes an egg to create an embryo

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15
Q

acrosome

A

a cap-like organelle that covers the head of sperm cells and contains enzymes that help sperm fertilize an egg

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16
Q

midpiece

A

the part that contains mitochondria, which provide energy for the sperm’s tail to move

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17
Q

flagellum

A

a whip-like structure that helps cells move

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18
Q

ova

A

the reproductive cells of people assigned female at birth

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19
Q

follicle cells

A

cells that line follicles, which are hollow balls of cells that contain immature eggs

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20
Q

zona pellucida

A

a thick, transparent extracellular matrix that surrounds mammalian eggs and embryos

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21
Q

polar body

A

a small haploid cell that is formed at the same time as an egg cell during oogenesis, but generally does not have the ability to be fertilized

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22
Q

cortical granules

A

membrane-bound organelles that are found in the cortex of unfertilized eggs.They are released during fertilization, when they modify the egg’s extracellular environment to prevent other sperm from entering.

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23
Q

vagina

A

a tube-shaped organ in the female reproductive system that connects the internal and external body

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24
Q

endometrium

A

the tissue layer that lines the uterus

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25
Q

ovary

A

a small, oval-shaped gland in the female reproductive system that produces eggs and hormones

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26
Q

fallopian tube (oviduct)

A

a pair of muscular tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus

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27
Q

uterus

A

a hollow, muscular organ in the female pelvis that nourishes a developing fetus

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28
Q

cervix

A

a muscular passageway in the female reproductive system that connects the uterus to the vagina

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29
Q

testes

A

two egg-shaped organs in the scrotum that produce sperm and male hormones

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30
Q

scrotum

A

a pouch of skin that holds and protects the testicles in males.It’s located outside of the body to keep the testicles cooler than the rest of the body, which is necessary for sperm production.

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31
Q

epididymis

A

a coiled tube that stores and matures sperm cells in the male reproductive system

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32
Q

prostate gland

A

a small gland in the male reproductive system that produces fluid for semen

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33
Q

vas deferens (sperm duct)

A

a muscular tube within the male reproductive system that transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

34
Q

seminal vesicle

A

a gland in the male reproductive system that produces fluids that become part of semen

35
Q

penis

A

a male reproductive organ that is external to the body

36
Q

FSH

A

a hormone that helps regulate sexual development and reproduction in the human body.It’s produced by the pituitary gland in the brain.

37
Q

LH

A

a hormone that helps regulate the menstrual cycle in women and sperm production in men.It’s produced in the pituitary gland

38
Q

estradiol

A

a steroid sex hormone that regulates many functions in the body, including fertility, bone growth, and the menstrual cycle

39
Q

progesterone

A

a steroid hormone that plays a vital role in the female reproductive system, pregnancy, and embryogenesis

40
Q

HCG

A

a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy

41
Q

oxytocin

A

a hormone that plays a key role in the reproductive system, specifically maintaining uterine muscle contractions during birth

42
Q

menstruation

A

the monthly shedding of the lining of the uterus, or endometrium, that occurs when pregnancy does not occur

43
Q

ovulation

A

the process of releasing an egg from an ovary during a woman’s menstrual cycle

44
Q

corpus luteum

A

a temporary endocrine gland in the ovary that produces hormones to prepare the uterus for pregnancy

45
Q

placenta

A

a temporary organ that connects a fetus to the uterine wall during pregnancy.It allows the fetus to receive nutrients and oxygen, and remove waste.

46
Q

ovarian cycle

A

a series of changes that occur in the ovaries that prepares an egg for fertilization and reproduction

47
Q

uterine cycle

A

the monthly cycle in which the lining of the uterus thickens in preparation for pregnancy.It’s part of the menstrual cycle, which is the cycle of hormonal changes that occur from the beginning of one period to the beginning of the next

48
Q

fertilization

A

the process when two gametes (sex cells) fuse to create a zygote, which will develop into a new organism.

49
Q

polyspermy

A

when more than one sperm fertilizes an egg

50
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized egg cell that contains all the genetic information needed to develop into an embryo

51
Q

infertile

A

a condition that prevents a person from becoming pregnant after a period of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse

52
Q

IVF (in vitro fertilization)

A

a medical procedure that involves combining eggs and sperm outside of the body to create embryos.The embryos are then placed in the uterus to grow into a baby.

53
Q

down-regulation

A

process ofusing medication to shut down your natural menstrual cycle, in effect causing an artificial menopause.

54
Q

superovulation

A

a biological process that uses hormones to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs during a menstrual cycle

55
Q

cross-pollination

A

the process of transferring pollen from one flower to another flower on a different plant of the same species

56
Q

pollen grain

A

a microscopic structure that carries a plant’s male reproductive cells

57
Q

stigma

A

the part of a flower that receives pollen and is located at the top of the pistil

58
Q

style

A

a stalk that connects the ovary and stigma of a flower

59
Q

ovules

A

a reproductive organ in flowering plants that produces egg cells and develops into a seed

60
Q

pollen tube

A

a hollow tube which develops from a pollen grain when deposited on thestigmaof a flower. Itpenetratesthe style andconveysthe malegametesto theovule.

61
Q

triploid endosperm

A

a tissue in a flowering plant seed that has three sets of chromosomes in each nucleus

62
Q

germination

A

the process by which a seed or spore grows into a plant or organism

63
Q

hermaphroditic

A

having both male and female reproductive organs.

64
Q

stamen

A

the male reproductive organ of a flower.It’s made up of a filament and an anther, which produces pollen grains.

65
Q

carpel

A

the female reproductive organ of a flowering plant.It’s a leaf-like structure that contains the ovary, style, and stigma, which are all necessary for pollination.

66
Q

self-pollination

A

occurs when the pollen from the anther is deposited on thestigmaof the same flower, or another flower on the same plant

67
Q

filaments

A

the stalk that supports the pollen bearing anther in the male reproductive organ (stamen) of a flower

68
Q

petal

A

The parts of a flower that are often conspicuously colored to attract pollinators

69
Q

sepal

A

a modified leaf that forms the outermost layer of a flower.Sepals are the first part of a flower to develop and protect the flower bud while it’s still growing.

70
Q

anther

A

the part of a flower that produces pollen, the male reproductive cells of a plant

71
Q

self-incompatibility mechanism

A

the inability to produce zygotes after self-pollination in a fertile hermaphrodite plant, which has stamens and pistils in the same flower

72
Q

non-hermaphroditic flowers

A

flowers that are either male or female, but not both

73
Q

vigor

A

the health and strength of an organism, as shown by its growth, fertility, size, and longevity

74
Q

wind seed dispersal

A

Seeds from plants like dandelions, swan plants and cottonwood trees are light and have feathery bristles and can be carried long distances by the wind

75
Q

gravity seed dispersal

A

As the fruits from the tree fall on the ground due to the force of attraction, they sometimes roll down to some smaller distance, get buried in the soil after a few days and germinate into a new plant

76
Q

water seed dispersal

A

the process by which seeds are spread by water.This process is common in plants that grow near bodies of water, such as lakes, rivers, and oceans.

77
Q

animal seed dispersal

A

the process by which animals move away from their birthplace to reproduce in a new area

78
Q

seed coat

A

the protective outer coat of a seed.

79
Q

micropyle

A

a small opening in a seed that allows water to be absorbed and pollen to enter

80
Q

cotyledon

A

a leaf-like structure within a plant seed that provides nutrients to the embryo

81
Q

hypocotyl

A

the stem of a germinating plant, located between the seed leaves and the root

82
Q

radicle

A

the embryonic root of the plant, which develops into the future root of the plant

24-25 IB Biology Year 2 (37 decks)

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