D3.1 SL/HL Flashcards
sexual reproduction
a biological process that creates new organisms by combining genetic information from two parents of different sexes. This process involves the fusion of sex cells, or gametes, from each parent.
asexual reproduction
a process that creates offspring without the involvement of sex cells or fertilization.It only requires one parent, and the offspring are genetically identical to that parent.
Binary fission
a type of asexual reproduction where a cell splits into two identical daughter cells
Mitosis
a type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell.It’s a vital process for growth and tissue repair.
Budding
a type of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from a bud on a parent organism
Fragmentation
a type of asexual reproduction where an organism splits into pieces, or fragments, and each fragment grows into a new organism
Vegetative reproduction
a type of asexual reproduction in plants where a new plant grows from a part of the parent plant
Parthenogenesis
a type of asexual reproduction where an unfertilized egg develops into an embryo
Reduction division
a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half.It’s the first division of meiosis, and it occurs in the testes and ovaries to produce reproductive cells.
diploid
a cell or organism has two complete sets of chromosomes
homologous chromosomes
pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have the same genes, but may have slight variations
crossing over
the process of exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis
random orientation
the random alignment of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I of meiosis
sperm
a male reproductive cell that carries genetic material and fertilizes an egg to create an embryo
acrosome
a cap-like organelle that covers the head of sperm cells and contains enzymes that help sperm fertilize an egg
midpiece
the part that contains mitochondria, which provide energy for the sperm’s tail to move
flagellum
a whip-like structure that helps cells move
ova
the reproductive cells of people assigned female at birth
follicle cells
cells that line follicles, which are hollow balls of cells that contain immature eggs
zona pellucida
a thick, transparent extracellular matrix that surrounds mammalian eggs and embryos
polar body
a small haploid cell that is formed at the same time as an egg cell during oogenesis, but generally does not have the ability to be fertilized
cortical granules
membrane-bound organelles that are found in the cortex of unfertilized eggs.They are released during fertilization, when they modify the egg’s extracellular environment to prevent other sperm from entering.
vagina
a tube-shaped organ in the female reproductive system that connects the internal and external body
endometrium
the tissue layer that lines the uterus
ovary
a small, oval-shaped gland in the female reproductive system that produces eggs and hormones
fallopian tube (oviduct)
a pair of muscular tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus
uterus
a hollow, muscular organ in the female pelvis that nourishes a developing fetus
cervix
a muscular passageway in the female reproductive system that connects the uterus to the vagina
testes
two egg-shaped organs in the scrotum that produce sperm and male hormones
scrotum
a pouch of skin that holds and protects the testicles in males.It’s located outside of the body to keep the testicles cooler than the rest of the body, which is necessary for sperm production.
epididymis
a coiled tube that stores and matures sperm cells in the male reproductive system
prostate gland
a small gland in the male reproductive system that produces fluid for semen
vas deferens (sperm duct)
a muscular tube within the male reproductive system that transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
seminal vesicle
a gland in the male reproductive system that produces fluids that become part of semen
penis
a male reproductive organ that is external to the body
FSH
a hormone that helps regulate sexual development and reproduction in the human body.It’s produced by the pituitary gland in the brain.
LH
a hormone that helps regulate the menstrual cycle in women and sperm production in men.It’s produced in the pituitary gland
estradiol
a steroid sex hormone that regulates many functions in the body, including fertility, bone growth, and the menstrual cycle
progesterone
a steroid hormone that plays a vital role in the female reproductive system, pregnancy, and embryogenesis
HCG
a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy
oxytocin
a hormone that plays a key role in the reproductive system, specifically maintaining uterine muscle contractions during birth
menstruation
the monthly shedding of the lining of the uterus, or endometrium, that occurs when pregnancy does not occur
ovulation
the process of releasing an egg from an ovary during a woman’s menstrual cycle
corpus luteum
a temporary endocrine gland in the ovary that produces hormones to prepare the uterus for pregnancy
placenta
a temporary organ that connects a fetus to the uterine wall during pregnancy.It allows the fetus to receive nutrients and oxygen, and remove waste.
ovarian cycle
a series of changes that occur in the ovaries that prepares an egg for fertilization and reproduction
uterine cycle
the monthly cycle in which the lining of the uterus thickens in preparation for pregnancy.It’s part of the menstrual cycle, which is the cycle of hormonal changes that occur from the beginning of one period to the beginning of the next
fertilization
the process when two gametes (sex cells) fuse to create a zygote, which will develop into a new organism.
polyspermy
when more than one sperm fertilizes an egg
zygote
a fertilized egg cell that contains all the genetic information needed to develop into an embryo
infertile
a condition that prevents a person from becoming pregnant after a period of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse
IVF (in vitro fertilization)
a medical procedure that involves combining eggs and sperm outside of the body to create embryos.The embryos are then placed in the uterus to grow into a baby.
down-regulation
process ofusing medication to shut down your natural menstrual cycle, in effect causing an artificial menopause.
superovulation
a biological process that uses hormones to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs during a menstrual cycle
cross-pollination
the process of transferring pollen from one flower to another flower on a different plant of the same species
pollen grain
a microscopic structure that carries a plant’s male reproductive cells
stigma
the part of a flower that receives pollen and is located at the top of the pistil
style
a stalk that connects the ovary and stigma of a flower
ovules
a reproductive organ in flowering plants that produces egg cells and develops into a seed
pollen tube
a hollow tube which develops from a pollen grain when deposited on thestigmaof a flower. Itpenetratesthe style andconveysthe malegametesto theovule.
triploid endosperm
a tissue in a flowering plant seed that has three sets of chromosomes in each nucleus
germination
the process by which a seed or spore grows into a plant or organism
hermaphroditic
having both male and female reproductive organs.
stamen
the male reproductive organ of a flower.It’s made up of a filament and an anther, which produces pollen grains.
carpel
the female reproductive organ of a flowering plant.It’s a leaf-like structure that contains the ovary, style, and stigma, which are all necessary for pollination.
self-pollination
occurs when the pollen from the anther is deposited on thestigmaof the same flower, or another flower on the same plant
filaments
the stalk that supports the pollen bearing anther in the male reproductive organ (stamen) of a flower
petal
The parts of a flower that are often conspicuously colored to attract pollinators
sepal
a modified leaf that forms the outermost layer of a flower.Sepals are the first part of a flower to develop and protect the flower bud while it’s still growing.
anther
the part of a flower that produces pollen, the male reproductive cells of a plant
self-incompatibility mechanism
the inability to produce zygotes after self-pollination in a fertile hermaphrodite plant, which has stamens and pistils in the same flower
non-hermaphroditic flowers
flowers that are either male or female, but not both
vigor
the health and strength of an organism, as shown by its growth, fertility, size, and longevity
wind seed dispersal
Seeds from plants like dandelions, swan plants and cottonwood trees are light and have feathery bristles and can be carried long distances by the wind
gravity seed dispersal
As the fruits from the tree fall on the ground due to the force of attraction, they sometimes roll down to some smaller distance, get buried in the soil after a few days and germinate into a new plant
water seed dispersal
the process by which seeds are spread by water.This process is common in plants that grow near bodies of water, such as lakes, rivers, and oceans.
animal seed dispersal
the process by which animals move away from their birthplace to reproduce in a new area
seed coat
the protective outer coat of a seed.
micropyle
a small opening in a seed that allows water to be absorbed and pollen to enter
cotyledon
a leaf-like structure within a plant seed that provides nutrients to the embryo
hypocotyl
the stem of a germinating plant, located between the seed leaves and the root
radicle
the embryonic root of the plant, which develops into the future root of the plant
