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24-25 IB Biology Year 2 > D1.1 SL / HL > Flashcards

D1.1 SL / HL Flashcards

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1
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm)

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2
Q

DNA replication

A

the process by which a cell copies its DNA before dividing so that each new cell has an identical copy of the original DNA

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3
Q

Polymer

A

any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules, called macromolecules, which are multiples of simpler chemical units called monomers

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4
Q

condensation reaction

A

a chemical reaction that joins two molecules together to form a larger molecule, while also releasing a smaller molecule, usually water

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5
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism. DNA is made of two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder — a shape known as a double helix

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6
Q

Monomer

A

a small molecule or atom that bonds with other monomers to form larger, more complex structures called polymers

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7
Q

Nucleotides

A

an organic molecule that serves as the basic building block of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA

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8
Q

phosphate group

A

a chemical group made up of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, with a net negative charge

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9
Q

pentose

A

a simple sugar, or monosaccharide, with five carbon atoms in its molecular structure

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10
Q

nitrogenous base

A

an organic molecule that contains nitrogen and carbon atoms in a ring structure, and acts as a base in chemical reactions

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11
Q

Adenine (A)

A

Apurinederivative, it is paired withthyminein double-stranded DNA

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12
Q

Thymine (T)

A

Apyrimidinederivative, it is paired withadeninein double-stranded DNA

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13
Q

Cytosine (C)

A

Apyrimidinederivative, it is paired withguaninein double-stranded DNA

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14
Q

Guanine (G)

A

Apurinederivative, it is paired withcytosinein double-stranded DNA

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15
Q

Uracil (U)

A

In RNA, uracil pairs with adenine. In a DNA molecule, the nucleotidethymine(T) is used in place of uracil

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16
Q

Double standard DNA (ds DNA)

A

a biological molecule made up of two polynucleotide chains that are twisted into a right-handed helix

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17
Q

5’–>3’

A

describes the directionality of the DNA molecule

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18
Q

anti-parallel

A

two biopolymers run parallel to each other but in opposite directions.This is an important characteristic of DNA, where the two strands of the double helix run antiparallel to each other

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19
Q

double helix

A

a pair of parallelhelicesintertwinedabout a common axis, especially that in the structure of the DNAmolecule

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20
Q

base pair (bp)

A

a unit of two nitrogenous bases that pair together to form the structure of DNA or RNA

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21
Q

hydrogen bonds (H-bonds)

A

a type of electrostatic attraction that occurs when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom, such as nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine, and is then attracted to another electronegative atom

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22
Q

complementary base pairing

A

the manner in which thenitrogenous basesof the DNA molecules align with each other

23
Q

Semi-conservative replication

A

the process by which a new DNA molecule is created using one original strand of DNA as a template, along with one new strand.This process produces two identical copies of the original DNA molecule, each with one original strand and one new strand

24
Q

DNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that creates new copies of DNA, or nucleic acid molecules, during DNA replication

25
Q

Helicase

A

an enzyme that separates double-stranded DNA into single strands

26
Q

replication fork

A

a Y-shaped region where the parent DNA double helix splits into two strands, subsequently copied

27
Q

Topoisomerase

A

an essential enzyme that catalyzes the ATP-dependent negative super-coiling of double-stranded closed-circular DNA

28
Q

DNA template strand

A

the strand of DNA that does not directly code for a protein but complementarily pairs with the code so it can be used as a template upon which to build mRNA with the correct code

29
Q

complementary DNA stand

A

either of the two chains that make up a double helix of DNA, with corresponding positions on the two chains being composed of a pair ofcomplementary bases

30
Q

leading strand

A

The DNA strand that is synthesized continuously, in the 5′ to 3′ direction, towards the replication fork during the discontinuous replication of duplex DNA

31
Q

lagging strand

A

one of two strands of DNA found at the replication fork, or junction, in the double helix; the other strand is called the leading strand

32
Q

RNA Primers

A

a short segment of single-stranded RNA used as a binding site for DNA polymerase to initiate DNA replication

33
Q

Free nucleotides

A

molecules that are the building blocks of DNA and RNA, and are involved in many aspects of metabolism

34
Q

deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTPs)

A

nucleotides used as the building blocks and energy source for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

35
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

a covalent linkage that forms between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group of another nucleotide

36
Q

Forensics

A

the application of biological sciences to legal investigations, such as crime scenes, to provide scientific evidence for courts

37
Q

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

a laboratory technique for rapidly producing (amplifying) millions to billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA

38
Q

Amplify

A

a process that creates multiple copies of a nucleic acid molecule or a chromosomal region

39
Q

Taq polymerase

A

a heat-stable enzyme that copies DNA and is a key component of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique

40
Q

DNA Primers

A

short sequences of DNA that are used to identify specific parts of a genome, such as a gene, or to copy pieces of DNA

41
Q

Denaturation

A

the process by which a protein or nucleic acid’s molecular structure is altered

42
Q

Annealing

A

the process of joining two complementary strands of DNA or RNA together to form a double-stranded helix through hydrogen bonding

43
Q

Elongation

A

refers to the state, act, or process of lengthening

44
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

a laboratory technique that separates molecules like DNA, RNA, or proteins by size and charge

45
Q

agarose gel

A

a three-dimensional matrix used in biology to separate, identify, or purify nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA

46
Q

anode

A

an electrode where oxidation occurs, or the loss of electrons

47
Q

endonucleases (restriction enzymes)

A

bacterial enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences.They are a key component of DNA manipulation techniques and are used in many biological labs, including molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetic engineering

48
Q

fluorescent dye

A

a compound that emits colored light when exposed to a specific wavelength of light

49
Q

micropipette

A

a laboratory instrument used to precisely measure and transfer small amounts of liquid, typically in microliters

50
Q

ladder

A

also known as a molecular size marker or standardDNA marker, is a solution containing DNA fragments of varying lengths and sizes that serves as a reference in estimating the size of unknown DNA molecules after they are separated by agarose or acrylamide gel electrophoresis

51
Q

DNA profiling

A

a biological technique that compares DNA samples to identify similarities and determine an individual’s DNA characteristics

52
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

a laboratory technique used to determine the probable identity of a person based on the nucleotide sequences of certain regions of human DNA that are unique to individuals

53
Q

paternity test

A

a test especially of DNA or genetic traits to determine whether a given man could be the biological father of a given child

24-25 IB Biology Year 2 (33 decks)

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