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24-25 IB Biology Year 2 > A2.2 SL / HL > Flashcards

A2.2 SL / HL Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell theory

A

theory states thatall biological organisms are composed of cells; cells are the unit of life and all life come from preexisting life

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2
Q

Prokaryotes

A

any organism that lacks a distinct nucleus and other organellesdue to the absence of internal membranes

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3
Q

binary fission

A

the process of one cell simply dividing into two. It is most commonly used in archaea and bacteria, which are both prokaryotic organisms

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4
Q

Eukaryotes

A

any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus. The eukaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus

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5
Q

mitosis

A

a process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which one cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells

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6
Q

meiosis

A

a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells

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7
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion

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8
Q

spontaneous generation

A

the supposed production of livingorganismsfrom non-living matter, asinferredfrom the apparent appearance of life in somesupposedlysterileenvironments

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9
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

a form of logical thinking that uses a general principle or law to forecast specific results

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10
Q

Theory

A

a widely accepted explanation of a biological phenomenon based on sound evidence from rigorous empirical experiments and scientific observations

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11
Q

microscope

A

an instrument that is used to magnify small objects

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12
Q

Magnification

A

the increase in size of an object when it is viewed through a microscope or other optical device

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13
Q

Resolution

A

the ability to distinguish two objects from each other. Light microscopy has limits to both its resolution and its magnification

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14
Q

Field of view (FOV)

A

the maximum area visible through the lenses of a microscope, and it is represented by a diameter

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15
Q

Compound light microscope

A

a high magnification microscope that uses 2 lenses to compound (multiply) the level of magnification

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16
Q

Electron microscope

A

an instrument that uses a beam of electrons to magnify a specimen. It has a higher resolution power of up to 100,000X

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17
Q

Tunneling electron microscope (TEM)

A

a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image

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18
Q

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A

a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons

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19
Q

Freeze-fracture

A

physically breaking apart (fracturing) a frozen biological sample

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20
Q

Integral proteins

A

a type of membrane protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane

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21
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

describes the main characteristics of the plasma membrane

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22
Q

Immunofluorescence

A

a method commonly used in neuroscience to detect viral antigens by directly applying fluorescent dyes to samples, such as nasopharyngeal aspirate or biopsy samples, and observing them under a fluorescent microscope

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23
Q

Fluorescent stains

A

a pivotal molecular technique that brings to light the structures within biological cells and tissues through fluorescence

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24
Q

antibodies

A

proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body

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25
Q

Cryogenic electron microscope

A

a version of electron microscopy that freezes many copies of a delicate sample into a glassy state and hits them with an electron beam

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26
Q

permeability

A

the passage of molecules through a biological membrane or a barrier

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27
Q

plasma membrane

A

amicroscopicmembrane oflipidsand proteins which forms the external boundary of thecytoplasmof a cell orenclosesavacuole, and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm

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28
Q

Hydrophobic

A

a property of molecules that do not mix with water

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29
Q

cytoplasm

A

the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell. It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules

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30
Q

70s ribosomes

A

In prokaryotes, these subunits are50S(large) and30S(small). The total ribosome with both subunits is 70S in prokaryotes

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31
Q

80s ribosomes

A

found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

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32
Q

Capsule

A

a layer of slime outside the bacterial cell wall, composed mainly of polysaccharides or polypeptides

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33
Q

polysaccharides

A

long chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides

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34
Q

Cell wall

A

a structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found immediately outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid

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35
Q

peptidoglycan

A

a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like peptidoglycan layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria, forming the cell wall

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36
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane, the hydrophobic lipid ends facing inward and the hydrophilic phosphate ends facing outward

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37
Q

Pili

A

short, hair-like structures on the cell surface of prokaryotic cells

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38
Q

plasmids

A

a small, circular, double-stranded DNA moleculethat is distinct from a cell’s chromosomal DNA

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39
Q

Flagellum

A

hairlike structure that acts primarily as an organelle of locomotion in the cells of many living organisms

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40
Q

metabolic reactions

A

a chemical process in living systems that transforms molecules to make them more chemically stable, permeable, polar, and less toxic

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41
Q

Nucleoid

A

an irregularly shaped region within the prokaryotic cell that contains all or most of the genetic material

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42
Q

naked DNA

A

DNA that is not associated with lipids, proteins, or any other molecule to help protect it

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43
Q

conjugation

A

the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact

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44
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

occurs when bacteria evolve to evade the effect of antibiotics through multiple different mechanisms

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45
Q

membrane-bound organelles

A

a membrane bound structure found within a cell

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46
Q

compartmentalization

A

the separation of the cell interior in distinct compartments with specific local conditions that allow the simultaneous occurrence of diverse metabolic reactions and processes

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47
Q

nucleus

A

the structure in a cell that contains the chromosomes

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48
Q

nuclear envelope

A

the nuclear membrane, is made up oftwo lipid bilayer membranes that in eukaryotic cells surround the nucleus

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49
Q

Nuclear pores

A

a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

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50
Q

euchromatin

A

the less tightly coiled DNA that allows transcription factors and chromatin remodelers access, enabling transcription to occur

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51
Q

heterochromatic

A

a cytologically dense material that is typically found at centromeres and telomeres

52
Q

histones

A

a family of basic proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus and help condense it into chromatin

53
Q

nucleolus

A

spherical body within the nucleus of most eukaryotic cells, involved in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and the formation of ribosomes

54
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

tube-like structure located near the cell periphery. These tubules or tubes sometimes branch forming a network that is reticular in appearance. The network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum allows for an increased surface area to be devoted to storage of key enzymes

55
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

a cellular organelle composed of many folds of tissues and channels. It provides surface area for chemical reactions to take place. It is rough because its surface is covered with ribosomes. These ribosomes produce proteins

56
Q

polypeptides

A

a continuous, unbranched chain of amino acids joined bypeptide bonds

57
Q

Free ribosomes

A

unattached to any cellular structure and float freely around in the cytosol

58
Q

golgi apparatus

A

a complex ofvesiclesand foldedmembraneswithin thecytoplasmof most eukaryotic cells, involved insecretionandintracellulartransport

59
Q

vesicles

A

a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer

60
Q

exocytosis

A

a process for moving large molecules out of the cell to the cell exterior

61
Q

Lysosomes

A

membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers—proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

62
Q

Transport vesicles

A

help move materials, such as proteins and other molecules, from one part of a cell to another

63
Q

Secretory vesicles

A

a specialized cellular structure that carries proteins, peptides, or neurotransmitters for extracellular delivery in response to specific signals

64
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a network of different protein fibers that provides many functions: it maintains or changes the shape of the cell

65
Q

Microtubules

A

A narrow, hollow tube-like structure found in the cytoplasm(the fluid inside a cell) of plant and animal cells. Microtubules help support the shape of a cell

66
Q

Actin filaments

A

the smallest component of the cytoskeleton, the internal protein skeleton of the cell

67
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

fibrous cytoskeletal polymers intermediate in size between 6-nmactin filamentsand 23-nm microtubules that form the structural framework of nearly all eukaryotic cells

68
Q

centrioles

A

a cylindrical organelle composed mainly of a protein called tubulin

69
Q

spindle fibers

A

a network of filaments that are formed during the cell division process. They help in the movement of chromosomes during both mitosis and meiosis

70
Q

centrosome

A

an organelle present in an animal cell that acts as the microtubule-organizing centre of the cell. It also regulates the cell cycle

71
Q

basal bodies

A

a minute distinctively staining cell organelle found at the base of a flagellum or cilium and resembling acentriolein structure

72
Q

Cilia

A

short eyelashlike filament that is numerous on tissue cells of most animalsand provides the means for locomotion of protozoans

73
Q

Flagella

A

hairlike structure that acts primarily as an organelle of locomotionin the cells of many living organisms

74
Q

mitochondria

A

a round to oval-shaped organelle found in the cells of almost all eukaryotic organisms. It produces energy, known as ATP, for the cell

75
Q

cellular respiration

A

the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules

76
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A

the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level

77
Q

protists

A

any member of a group of diverse eukaryotic, predominantly unicellular microscopic organisms

78
Q

cell wall

A

structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found immediately outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid

79
Q

osmotic stress

A

physiologic dysfunction caused by a sudden change in the solute concentration around a cell, which causes a rapid change in the movement of water across its cell membrane

80
Q

cellulose fibers

A

a polymer made of repeating glucose molecules attached end to end

81
Q

turgor pressure

A

the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall

82
Q

large central vacuole

A

large, membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells that act as a storage space for water and other molecules in the cell

83
Q

chloroplast

A

an organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis

84
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy

85
Q

chlorophyll

A

a pigment present in all green plants and a few other organisms. It is required for photosynthesis, which is the process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy

86
Q

Metabolism

A

the chemical reactions in the body’s cells that change food into energy

87
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

break down larger molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins from ingested food, into their constituent smaller parts

88
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

reactions that build smaller molecules into larger molecules

89
Q

sensitivity

A

the ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli

90
Q

receptor proteins

A

proteins molecules located on the cell surface or within the cytoplasm that function by specifically recognizing and binding to a ligand molecule

91
Q

homeostasis

A

any self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stabilitywhile adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival

92
Q

Conformers

A

Any organism whose internal environment is highly influenced by external factors

93
Q

Regulators

A

Any organism whose internal environment is highly influenced by internal factors

94
Q

Sessile

A

an organism that is anchored to a substrate and cannot move about freely

95
Q

Motile

A

an organism has the capability to move under its own power

96
Q

cell division

A

the division of a cell into two daughter cells with the same genetic material.

97
Q

specialization

A

cells that have a distinctive structures and provide unique functions in the body

98
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

amode of reproductionin which a new offspring is produced by a single parent

99
Q

clones

A

cell or organism that is genetically identical to the original cellor organism from which it is derived

100
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes. In most species the genetic information is carried on chromosomes in the nucleus of reproductive cells called gametes, which then fuse to form a diploid zygote

101
Q

gametes

A

a reproductive cell of an animal or plant

102
Q

variation

A

any difference between cells, individual organisms, or groups of organismsof any species caused either by genetic differences

103
Q

Excretion

A

the process of removing wastes and excess water from the body

104
Q

Nutrition

A

the process of taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life

105
Q

Domains

A

the highesttaxonomic rankof all organisms taken together

106
Q

Eubacteria

A

prokaryotic microorganismsconsisting of a single cell lacking a nucleus and containing DNA is a single circular chromosome

107
Q

Archaea

A

single-celled microorganisms with structure similar to bacteria

108
Q

Eukarya

A

any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus. The eukaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus

109
Q

heterotrophs

A

an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients

110
Q

autotrophs

A

an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals

111
Q

Saprotrophs

A

organism that feeds on nonliving organic matter known as detritus at a microscopic level

112
Q

decomposers

A

An organism, often a bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate that feeds on and breaks down dead plant or animal matter, making organic nutrients available to the ecosystem

113
Q

Erythrocytes

A

A type of blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood. Erythrocytes contain a protein called hemoglobin, which carries oxygen

114
Q

Haemoglobin

A

A protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs in the body and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs

115
Q

muscle cells

A

the smallest subunit of all muscular tissues and organs throughout the body

116
Q

multinucleated

A

eukaryotic cells that have more than one nucleus

117
Q

Hyphae

A

The long filamentous branching in fungus and actinobacteria

118
Q

mycelium

A

a network of fungal threads orhyphae

119
Q

Aseptate hyphae

A

characterized by the absence of a cross wall, or septa. These hyphae contain many nuclei

120
Q

phloem

A

plant vascular tissue that conducts foods made in the leaves during photosynthesis to all other parts of the plant

121
Q

vascular plants

A

those varieties of plants that have special vascular tissue in them. The two types of vascular tissue,phloem, and xylem are behind the movement of water, minerals, and the products of photosynthesis

122
Q

Sieve tube elements

A

thin-walled cells that are alive at maturity, although the protoplast is greatly changed, and they generally lack nuclei

123
Q

companion cells

A

A type of cell found within thephloemof flowering plants. Each companion cellis usually closely associated with asieve element

124
Q

gram positive

A

bacteria classified by the color they turn in the staining method

125
Q

gram negative

A

bacteria have an outer membrane. However, they have a thinner peptidoglycan cell wall. This means they do not hold the blue dye used in Gram testing and do not appear blue. Instead, they appear red or pink in color

126
Q

microvilli

A

finger-shaped plasma membrane protrusions that are found at the surface of a large variety of cell types but are most numerous and elaborated on simple epithelial

24-25 IB Biology Year 2 (27 decks)

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