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24-25 IB Biology Year 2 > D3.1 HL only > Flashcards

D3.1 HL only Flashcards

1
Q

Puberty

A

the period of physical and hormonal changes that occur when a child transitions into adulthood

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2
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

a hormone that controls the production of sex hormones and reproductive development

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3
Q

gonadotropins

A

hormones that regulate the function of the gonads, or sex glands

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4
Q

spermatogenesis

A

the process of producing sperm cells in the testes

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5
Q

interstitial cells

A

cells that are located in the spaces between functional cells in a tissue

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6
Q

spermatogonia

A

an undifferentiated male germ cell. Spermatogonia undergospermatogenesisto form mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testicles

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7
Q

sertoli cells

A

a type ofsomaticcell around whichspermatidsdevelop in thetubulesof thetestis.

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8
Q

primary spermatocyte

A

a diploid cell that contains two sets of chromosomes, or 46 chromosomes in humans.It is a cell that results from mitosis of immature germ cells called spermatogonia

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9
Q

secondary spermatocyte

A

a haploid cell produced when a primary spermatocyte undergoes the first meiotic division

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10
Q

spermatids

A

immature male cells that are formed after the second division of meiosis

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11
Q

differentiation

A

the process by which immature cells become mature cells with specific functions

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12
Q

oogenesis

A

the process of producing female gametes, or ova, in the ovaries

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13
Q

germinal epithelium

A

the tissue that produces germ cells in the ovaries and testes

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14
Q

primary follicle

A

a group of cells in the ovary that surrounds a growing egg cell, or oocyte

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15
Q

mature follicle

A

a fluid-filled sac in the ovary that contains a fully developed egg

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16
Q

secondary oocyte

A

a haploid cell that is an immature egg cell in the process of becoming an ovum

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17
Q

medulla

A

the lowest part of the brainstem and connects to the spinal cord

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18
Q

oogonium

A

a small, diploid cell that develops into an oocyte in the ovaries of female animals

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19
Q

primary oocyte

A

a cell in the female reproductive system that has not yet completed meiosis I, the first stage of meiosis

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20
Q

secondary oocyte

A

a haploid cell that is an immature egg cell in the process of becoming an ovum

21
Q

polar body

A

a small haploid cell that is formed at the same time as an egg cell during oogenesis, but generally does not have the ability to be fertilized

22
Q

ovum

A

a reproductive cell, or egg cell, produced by the female reproductive system

23
Q

fertilisation

A

the process when a sperm cell and an egg cell join to form a zygote

24
Q

polyspermy

A

when more than one sperm fertilizes an egg

25
Q

implantation

A

the process by which a fertilized egg attaches to the uterine lining

26
Q

endometrium

A

the tissue layer that lines the uterus

27
Q

trophoblast

A

cells that form the outer layer of a blastocyst and develop into the placenta

28
Q

blastocyst

A

a ball of cells that forms in a fertilized egg during the early stages of embryo development

29
Q

placenta

A

an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall, thereby allowing nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother’s blood supply

30
Q

umbilical cord

A

a tube-like structure that connects a fetus to the placenta, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and removing waste products

31
Q

amniotic sac

A

a thin, transparent, fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects a fetus during pregnancy

32
Q

inner cell mass

A

a group of cells in an early embryo that develops into all the tissues in the body

33
Q

amniotic fluid

A

a clear or slightly yellow liquid that surrounds and protects a fetus during pregnancy

34
Q

hCG

A

a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy

35
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

laboratory-made proteins that bind to specific antigens in the body

36
Q

pregnancy test

A

measures the level of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in a person’s blood or urine

37
Q

hCG antibodies

A

antibodies that detect the presence of the hCG hormone

38
Q

hCG-gold antibody complex

A

antibodies that detects the presense of hCG bond to gold atoms that produce the color change that displays the result of a pregnancy test

39
Q

chorionic villi

A

finger-like projections of the placenta that allow for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste between the mother and fetus

40
Q

progesterone

A

a steroid hormone that plays a vital role in the female reproductive system, pregnancy, and embryogenesis

41
Q

corpus luteum

A

a temporary endocrine gland in the ovary that produces hormones to prepare the uterus for pregnancy

42
Q

ovulation

A

the process of releasing an egg from an ovary during a woman’s menstrual cycle

43
Q

menstruation

A

the monthly shedding of the lining of the uterus, or endometrium, that occurs when pregnancy does not occur

44
Q

embryo

A

the early stage of development in a multicellular organism, such as a human, animal, or plant

45
Q

oxytocin

A

a hormone that plays a key role in the reproductive systems of both men and women

46
Q

pituitary gland

A

a pea-sized gland in the brain that produces hormones that regulate many bodily functions

47
Q

menopause

A

a biological stage in a woman’s life when she stops having menstrual periods

48
Q

hormone replacement therapy

A

Treatment with hormones to replace natural hormoneswhen the body does not make enough

49
Q

coronary heart disease (CHD)

A

usually caused by a build-up of fatty deposits (atheroma) on the walls of the arteries around the heart (coronary arteries)

24-25 IB Biology Year 2 (37 decks)

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