D3.1 HL only Flashcards
Puberty
the period of physical and hormonal changes that occur when a child transitions into adulthood
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
a hormone that controls the production of sex hormones and reproductive development
gonadotropins
hormones that regulate the function of the gonads, or sex glands
spermatogenesis
the process of producing sperm cells in the testes
interstitial cells
cells that are located in the spaces between functional cells in a tissue
spermatogonia
an undifferentiated male germ cell. Spermatogonia undergospermatogenesisto form mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testicles
sertoli cells
a type ofsomaticcell around whichspermatidsdevelop in thetubulesof thetestis.
primary spermatocyte
a diploid cell that contains two sets of chromosomes, or 46 chromosomes in humans.It is a cell that results from mitosis of immature germ cells called spermatogonia
secondary spermatocyte
a haploid cell produced when a primary spermatocyte undergoes the first meiotic division
spermatids
immature male cells that are formed after the second division of meiosis
differentiation
the process by which immature cells become mature cells with specific functions
oogenesis
the process of producing female gametes, or ova, in the ovaries
germinal epithelium
the tissue that produces germ cells in the ovaries and testes
primary follicle
a group of cells in the ovary that surrounds a growing egg cell, or oocyte
mature follicle
a fluid-filled sac in the ovary that contains a fully developed egg
secondary oocyte
a haploid cell that is an immature egg cell in the process of becoming an ovum
medulla
the lowest part of the brainstem and connects to the spinal cord
oogonium
a small, diploid cell that develops into an oocyte in the ovaries of female animals
primary oocyte
a cell in the female reproductive system that has not yet completed meiosis I, the first stage of meiosis
secondary oocyte
a haploid cell that is an immature egg cell in the process of becoming an ovum
polar body
a small haploid cell that is formed at the same time as an egg cell during oogenesis, but generally does not have the ability to be fertilized
ovum
a reproductive cell, or egg cell, produced by the female reproductive system
fertilisation
the process when a sperm cell and an egg cell join to form a zygote
polyspermy
when more than one sperm fertilizes an egg
implantation
the process by which a fertilized egg attaches to the uterine lining
endometrium
the tissue layer that lines the uterus
trophoblast
cells that form the outer layer of a blastocyst and develop into the placenta
blastocyst
a ball of cells that forms in a fertilized egg during the early stages of embryo development
placenta
an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall, thereby allowing nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother’s blood supply
umbilical cord
a tube-like structure that connects a fetus to the placenta, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and removing waste products
amniotic sac
a thin, transparent, fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects a fetus during pregnancy
inner cell mass
a group of cells in an early embryo that develops into all the tissues in the body
amniotic fluid
a clear or slightly yellow liquid that surrounds and protects a fetus during pregnancy
hCG
a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy
monoclonal antibodies
laboratory-made proteins that bind to specific antigens in the body
pregnancy test
measures the level of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in a person’s blood or urine
hCG antibodies
antibodies that detect the presence of the hCG hormone
hCG-gold antibody complex
antibodies that detects the presense of hCG bond to gold atoms that produce the color change that displays the result of a pregnancy test
chorionic villi
finger-like projections of the placenta that allow for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste between the mother and fetus
progesterone
a steroid hormone that plays a vital role in the female reproductive system, pregnancy, and embryogenesis
corpus luteum
a temporary endocrine gland in the ovary that produces hormones to prepare the uterus for pregnancy
ovulation
the process of releasing an egg from an ovary during a woman’s menstrual cycle
menstruation
the monthly shedding of the lining of the uterus, or endometrium, that occurs when pregnancy does not occur
embryo
the early stage of development in a multicellular organism, such as a human, animal, or plant
oxytocin
a hormone that plays a key role in the reproductive systems of both men and women
pituitary gland
a pea-sized gland in the brain that produces hormones that regulate many bodily functions
menopause
a biological stage in a woman’s life when she stops having menstrual periods
hormone replacement therapy
Treatment with hormones to replace natural hormoneswhen the body does not make enough
coronary heart disease (CHD)
usually caused by a build-up of fatty deposits (atheroma) on the walls of the arteries around the heart (coronary arteries)
