D1.2 HL only Flashcards
polymers
large molecules made up of many smaller molecules called monomers
monomers
small molecules or atoms that bond together to form larger molecules called polymers
Carbon-3
carbon nucleotides are added on to during formation of a nucleic acid
Condensation reaction
a chemical reaction that joins two molecules together to form a larger molecule, releasing water in the process
covalent bond
a chemical bond that occurs when two or more atoms share electrons
phosphodiester bonds
a covalent bond between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another nucleotide
Transcription
process of making an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence
mRNA sequence
the order of nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule
RNA polymerase
an enzyme that is responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence, duyring the process of transcription
template strand
a DNA strand that serves as a guide for making a complementary strand of RNA or DNA
coding strand
the DNA strand that contains the code for a gene
Translation
process oftranslatingthe sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis
amino acid sequence
the order of amino acids in a protein
tRNA molecules
a small RNA molecule that links messenger RNA (mRNA) to amino acids during protein synthesis
codons
a sequence of three nucleotides in DNA or RNA that codes for a specific amino acid or signals the end of protein synthesis
promoter region
a DNA sequence that starts the transcription of a gene
repressor protein
a protein that turns off or reduces gene expression
transcription factors (TFs)
proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to DNA
Terminator
a sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene or operon
exons
a DNA sequence that is part of a mature messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule
Regulatory regions
DNA sequences that control when and where genes are turned on
Telomeres
the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes
Introns
a noncoding section of DNA or RNA within a gene
Primary RNA transcript (pre-mRNA)
a long RNA molecule that is created when a gene is transcribed.It contains both exons (coding regions) and introns (non-coding regions)
5’ cap
a modified nucleotide at the 5’ end of a primary transcript, such as messenger RNA (mRNA)
Poly A tail
a chain of adenine nucleotides added to the 3’ end of messenger RNA (mRNA)
Spliceosomes (small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs))
large complexes of RNA and proteins that remove introns from pre-mRNA in eukaryotic cells.They are made up of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), which are formed when snRNAs bind to proteins
splices
the process of removing non-coding DNA sequences, called introns, from pre-mRNA
Mature mRNA
a processed RNA transcript that carries the instructions for making a protein
Cardiac troponin T (cTnT)
a protein in the heart muscle that indicates damage to the heart.It’s used as a blood test to help diagnose a heart attack or other heart conditions
Troponin fibers
a protein complex that regulates the contraction and relaxation of striated muscles, including the heart and skeletal muscles
tropomyosin fibers
two-stranded alpha-helical, coiled coil proteinfound in many animal and fungal cells
Molecular chaperones
proteins that help other proteins fold, refold, and move to the correct locations in a cell
pre-proinsulin
a polypeptide that is the first step in the synthesis of insulin.It is a long chain of amino acids that is made in the endoplasmic reticulum of pancreatic beta cells
proinsulin
a precursor to insulin that is made in the pancreas
mature insulin
a hormone that consists of two polypeptide chains, A and B, that are linked together by disulfide bonds
proteome
the complete set of proteins expressed by an organism, cell, tissue, or biological sample
Proteases
an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids
Ubiquitin
a protein that marks proteins for degradation by the proteasome
proteasome
a protein complex that breaks down unneeded or damaged proteins
