D1.2 HL only

Question 1

polymers

Answer 1

large molecules made up of many smaller molecules called monomers

Question 2

monomers

Answer 2

small molecules or atoms that bond together to form larger molecules called polymers

Question 3

Carbon-3

Answer 3

carbon nucleotides are added on to during formation of a nucleic acid

Question 4

Condensation reaction

Answer 4

a chemical reaction that joins two molecules together to form a larger molecule, releasing water in the process

Question 5

covalent bond

Answer 5

a chemical bond that occurs when two or more atoms share electrons

Question 6

phosphodiester bonds

Answer 6

a covalent bond between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another nucleotide

Question 7

Transcription

Answer 7

process of making an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence

Question 8

mRNA sequence

Answer 8

the order of nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule

Question 9

RNA polymerase

Answer 9

an enzyme that is responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence, duyring the process of transcription

Question 10

template strand

Answer 10

a DNA strand that serves as a guide for making a complementary strand of RNA or DNA

Question 11

coding strand

Answer 11

the DNA strand that contains the code for a gene

Question 12

Translation

Answer 12

process oftranslatingthe sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis

Question 13

amino acid sequence

Answer 13

the order of amino acids in a protein

Question 14

tRNA molecules

Answer 14

a small RNA molecule that links messenger RNA (mRNA) to amino acids during protein synthesis

Question 15

codons

Answer 15

a sequence of three nucleotides in DNA or RNA that codes for a specific amino acid or signals the end of protein synthesis

Question 16

promoter region

Answer 16

a DNA sequence that starts the transcription of a gene

Question 17

repressor protein

Answer 17

a protein that turns off or reduces gene expression

Question 18

transcription factors (TFs)

Answer 18

proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to DNA

Question 19

Terminator

Answer 19

a sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene or operon

Question 20

exons

Answer 20

a DNA sequence that is part of a mature messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule

Question 21

Regulatory regions

Answer 21

DNA sequences that control when and where genes are turned on

Question 22

Telomeres

Answer 22

the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes

Question 23

Introns

Answer 23

a noncoding section of DNA or RNA within a gene

Question 24

Primary RNA transcript (pre-mRNA)

Answer 24

a long RNA molecule that is created when a gene is transcribed.It contains both exons (coding regions) and introns (non-coding regions)

Question 25

5’ cap

Answer 25

a modified nucleotide at the 5' end of a primary transcript, such as messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 26

Poly A tail

Answer 26

a chain of adenine nucleotides added to the 3' end of messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 27

Spliceosomes (small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs))

Answer 27

large complexes of RNA and proteins that remove introns from pre-mRNA in eukaryotic cells. They are made up of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), which are formed when snRNAs bind to proteins

Question 28

splices

Answer 28

the process of removing non-coding DNA sequences, called introns, from pre-mRNA

Question 29

Mature mRNA

Answer 29

a processed RNA transcript that carries the instructions for making a protein

Question 30

Cardiac troponin T (cTnT)

Answer 30

a protein in the heart muscle that indicates damage to the heart. It's used as a blood test to help diagnose a heart attack or other heart conditions

Question 31

Troponin fibers

Answer 31

a protein complex that regulates the contraction and relaxation of striated muscles, including the heart and skeletal muscles

Question 32

tropomyosin fibers

Answer 32

two-stranded alpha-helical, coiled coil protein found in many animal and fungal cells

Question 33

Molecular chaperones

Answer 33

proteins that help other proteins fold, refold, and move to the correct locations in a cell

Question 34

pre-proinsulin

Answer 34

a polypeptide that is the first step in the synthesis of insulin. It is a long chain of amino acids that is made in the endoplasmic reticulum of pancreatic beta cells

Question 35

proinsulin

Answer 35

a precursor to insulin that is made in the pancreas

Question 36

mature insulin

Answer 36

a hormone that consists of two polypeptide chains, A and B, that are linked together by disulfide bonds

Question 37

proteome

Answer 37

the complete set of proteins expressed by an organism, cell, tissue, or biological sample

Question 38

Proteases

Answer 38

an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids

Question 39

Ubiquitin

Answer 39

a protein that marks proteins for degradation by the proteasome

Question 40

proteasome

Answer 40

a protein complex that breaks down unneeded or damaged proteins