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24-25 IB Biology Year 2 > C3.2 SL / HL > Flashcards

C3.2 SL / HL Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogens

A

a microorganism that causes disease in a host organism

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2
Q

Bacteria

A

small single-celled organisms. Bacteria are found almost everywhere on Earth and are vital to the planet’s ecosystems

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3
Q

Fungi

A

any member of the group of eukaryotic organismsthat includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

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4
Q

Protists

A

any member of a group of diverse eukaryotic, predominantly unicellular microscopic organisms.

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5
Q

malaria

A

a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes

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6
Q

Viruses

A

microscopic germs that have to infect a host, like humans, animals or plants to reproduce

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7
Q

SARS-CoV-2

A

definedas a group of related RNA viruses that infect mammals and birds. When infecting humans, these viruses cause respiratory diseases

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8
Q

Skin

A

the body’s largest organ and primary protective barrier against the environment.It is made up of multiple layers of ectodermal tissue and is part of the integumentary system, which is the body’s outer covering

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9
Q

Epidermis

A

the outermost layer of skin or the thin surface layer of tissue in plants

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10
Q

Dermis

A

The inner layer of the two main layers of the skin. The dermis has connective tissue, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, and other structures.

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11
Q

Dermal cells

A

cells in the skin or in plants that protect the body or plant from injury, regulate temperature, and perform other functions

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12
Q

mitosis

A

a process in which a eukaryotic cell nucleus splits into two, and the parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells

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13
Q

lysosomes

A

a sac-like organelle in a cell that contains enzymes that break down cellular components

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14
Q

Mutualistic

A

a biological relationship where two or more species benefit from each other and neither is harmed

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15
Q

Mucous membrane

A

a moist tissue that lines the inside of organs and cavities in the body

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16
Q

glycoproteins

A

proteins with sugar molecules attached to them, which are known as oligosaccharides

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17
Q

phagocytes

A

a type of white blood cell that can engulf and destroy foreign substances, such as dead cells, microorganisms, and parasites

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18
Q

Ciliated cells

A

specialized cells that have tiny hair-like structures called cilia that beat in a rhythmic motion to move substances in one direction

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19
Q

trachea

A

a tube-shaped airway that connects the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi, which then lead to the lungs

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20
Q

esophagus

A

a muscular tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach

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21
Q

Blood clotting

A

a biological process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged

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22
Q

fibrin

A

a protein that forms a fibrous network to stop bleeding and heal wounds by trapping blood cells

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23
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells, the most common type of cell in the blood

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24
Q

leukocytes

A

known as white blood cells (WBCs), area type of blood cell that are part of the body’s immune system and help fight infection and disease

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25
Q

Plasma proteins

A

a group of macromolecules found in blood plasma that perform many functions

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26
Q

prothrombin

A

a protein in the blood that helps it clot and is produced by the liver

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27
Q

fibrinogen

A

a protein in the blood that helps form clots to stop bleeding and heal wounds

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28
Q

clotting factors

A

any of several plasma components(such as fibrinogen, prothrombin, thromboplastin, and factor VIII) that are involved in the clotting of blood

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29
Q

thrombin

A

enzyme formed from prothrombin that facilitates the clotting of blood by catalyzing conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

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30
Q

clot

A

A mass of blood that forms when blood platelets, proteins, and cells stick together

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31
Q

Immune system

A

a complex network of cells, tissues, organs, and proteins that protects the body from infection, disease, and other invaders

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32
Q

Innate immune system

A

the body’s first line of defense against harmful substances, and it’s present at birth and lasts a person’s entire life. It’s made up of cells and barriers that work together to protect the body from pathogens, parasites, and other harmful substances

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33
Q

passive immunity

A

a type of immunity that occurs when a person receives antibodies from another person or source, rather than producing them through their own immune system

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34
Q

antibodies

A

proteins that are part of the immune system and are produced by plasma cells in response to foreign substances called antigens

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35
Q

Phagocytes

A

a type of white blood cell that can engulf and destroy foreign substances, such as microorganisms, dead cells, and cellular debris

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36
Q

antigens

A

a substance that causes the body to produce an immune response against it

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37
Q

Adaptive immune system

A

a subsystem of the immune system that responds to foreign substances and microorganisms, such as pathogens and tumor cells

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38
Q

active immunity

A

when the body’s immune system produces antibodies to fight off a disease or pathogen

39
Q

vaccines

A

a weakened or killed version of a virus or bacteria that trains the body to recognize and fight the disease if it encounters it again

40
Q

memory B cells

A

a type of white blood cell that play a key role in immunological memory

41
Q

Lymphocytes

A

a type of white blood cell that are part of the immune system and are produced in the bone marrow

42
Q

Amoeboid movement

A

a crawling or oozing type of movement that cells use to change shape and move

43
Q

chemotaxis

A

the process by which cells or organisms move in response to chemical stimuli, either toward or away from a chemical source

44
Q

phagocytosis

A

a biological process in which cells engulf and digest foreign substances or other cells

45
Q

endocytosis

A

a biological process in which a cell takes in substances from its environment by forming vesicles within its plasma membrane

46
Q

Phagosome

A

a vesicle that forms when a phagocyte engulfs a particle through phagocytosis

47
Q

exocytosis

A

a cellular process that moves large molecules and waste from inside a cell to the outside

48
Q

lymph nodes

A

small, bean-shaped organs that are part of the body’s immune system and filter lymph fluid

49
Q

lymphatic system

A

a network of vessels, nodes, and ducts that pass through almost all bodily tissues. It allows the circulation of a fluid called lymph

50
Q

T-lymphocytes

A

part of the immune system and develop from stem cells in the bone marrow. They help protect the body from infection and may help fight cancer.

51
Q

B-lymphocytes

A

A type of white blood cell that makes antibodies. B lymphocytes are part of the immune system and develop from stem cells in the bone marrow

52
Q

Plasma cells

A

a type of white blood cell that produce large amounts of antibodies to help protect the body from pathogens

53
Q

immunity

A

the body’s ability to resist or be insusceptible to a disease or harmful substance

54
Q

Capsid

A

a protein shell that surrounds the genetic material of a virus

55
Q

Blood type

A

a classification system that determines whether a person’s blood is compatible with another person’s blood

56
Q

ABO gene

A

encodes the type of blood (A, B, AB, or O) a person has

57
Q

Rhesus factor gene

A

encoades a protein that determines whether a person is Rh-positive or Rh-negative, based on whether their red blood cells have the Rh protein

58
Q

agglutination

A

a biological process that occurs when particles, like bacteria or red blood cells, clump together in the presence of an antibody

59
Q

universal recipient

A

a person with blood type AB positive (AB+) who can receive blood from any donor

60
Q

universal donor

A

someone with type O negative blood, which can be safely given to anyone in an emergency

61
Q

Helper T-lymphocytes

A

a type of white blood cell and immune cell that help coordinate the body’s immune response to infections and other threat

62
Q

cytokines

A

A type of protein that is made by certain immune and non-immune cells and has an effect on the immune system. Some cytokines stimulate the immune system and others slow it down.

63
Q

differentiate

A

the process by which immature cells develop into mature cells with specific functions

64
Q

Primary immune response

A

the body’s initial reaction to a foreign substance, or antigen, and is characterized by the production of antibodies and memory lymphocytes

65
Q

Secondary immune response

A

the immune system’s reaction when a person is re-exposed to a pathogen or antigen that they have encountered before

66
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

a virus that attacks the body’s immune system, making it harder to fight off infections and diseases

67
Q

Provirus

A

a viral genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell, making it an inactive, but potentially replicating, form of the virus

68
Q

host cell

A

a living cell invaded by or capable of being invaded by an infectious agent (as a bacterium or a virus)

69
Q

CD4 Helper T-lymphocytes

A

A type of lymphocyte. CD4 T lymphocytes (CD4 cells) help coordinate the immune response by stimulating other immune cells, such as macrophages, B lymphocytes (B cells), and CD8 T lymphocytes (CD8 cells), to fight infection. HIV weakens the immune system by destroying CD4 cells.

70
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

a chronic condition that occurs when the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks and destroys the body’s CD4 cells, a type of white blood cell that helps fight infection

71
Q

opportunistic infections

A

an infection that occurs more frequently or is more severe in people with weakened immune systems

72
Q

penicillin

A

a group of antibiotics that are used to treat bacterial infections

73
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

Scottish physician and microbiologist who discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic, in 1928. His discovery revolutionized medicine and saved millions of lives

74
Q

Antibiotics

A

chemical substances that kill or limit the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, to treat infections

75
Q

Antibiotic resistance

A

a biological process that occurs when bacteria mutate and become resistant to antibiotics, making them ineffective in treating infections

76
Q

Natural selection

A

a biological process that causes species to change over time in response to environmental changes or competition between organisms

77
Q

MRSA

A

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a type of bacteria that is resistant to several antibiotics, including methicillin, amoxicillin, and penicillin

78
Q

Zoonotic diseases

A

infections that can spread from animals to humans, or vice versa, and are caused by organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites

79
Q

Rabies

A

a viral disease that causes encephalitis in humans and other mammals

80
Q

Tuberculosis

A

a contagious bacterial disease that primarily affects the lungs, but can also impact other parts of the body

81
Q

tubercles

A

a small, rounded prominence or nodule that can be found on the external or internal organs of an animal or plant

82
Q

Japanese encephalitis

A

a viral disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus

83
Q

COVID-19

A

an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Most people infected with the virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment

84
Q

asymptomatic

A

having no signs or symptoms of a disease or condition

85
Q

Edward Jenner

A

English physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines and created the first vaccine, the smallpox vaccine

86
Q

cowpox

A

a viral skin disease that causes a mild rash and is caused by the cowpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus family

87
Q

smallpox

A

an infectious disease caused by the variola virus. Smallpox has been eradicated, with no cases occurring since 1977. The disease caused rashes and could spread through coughing and sneezing. Smallpox no longer occurs naturally, but it is possible that variola virus could be used in a biological attack

88
Q

vaccine

A

a biological preparation that helps the body’s immune system recognize and fight off disease-causing microorganisms

89
Q

Herd immunity

A

the protection a population has against a disease outbreak when a large percentage of the population is vaccinated against it

90
Q

Measles

A

a highly contagious viral infection that affects the respiratory system, skin, and immune system

91
Q

R0 (R nought / zero)

A

mathematical term that indicateshow contagious an infectious disease is. It’s also referred to as the reproduction number

92
Q

Epidemiologist

A

a scientist who studies the patterns, causes, and control of disease in groups of people

93
Q

Percent change

A

the amount of increase or decrease in a value over time, expressed as a percentage of the original value

94
Q

Percent difference

A

a way to compare two values by expressing the difference between them as a percentage of their average

24-25 IB Biology Year 2 (35 decks)

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