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24-25 IB Biology Year 2 > A1.1 SL / HL > Flashcards

A1.1 SL / HL Flashcards

1
Q

water

A

a biological molecule that has many important functions that sustain life

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2
Q

universal solvent

A

a chemical substance that can dissolve most other substances

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3
Q

polar

A

electrons are not shared evenly over the covalent bond and the atoms involved have smallpartial chargesresulting in what are called dipoles

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4
Q

metabolite

A

a substance that is produced or used when the body breaks down food, drugs, chemicals, or its own tissue through a process called metabolism

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5
Q

metabolism

A

the process of chemical reactions that take place in an organism’s cells to produce energy and materials for growth, reproduction, and health

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6
Q

condensation reaction

A

a chemical reaction that joins two molecules together to form a larger molecule, or polymer, while eliminating a small molecule, such as water

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7
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

a chemical reaction that breaks down biological molecules by using a water molecule to break chemical bonds

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8
Q

specific heat capacity

A

the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of a substance by one unit of mass by one unit

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9
Q

temperature buffer

A

a substance that helps regulate temperature in living organisms and environments

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10
Q

cell membrane

A

a semipermeable lipid bilayer that separates the inside of a cell from its outside environment+B12

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11
Q

phospholipid

A

a group of polar lipids that are the main component of cell membranes

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12
Q

lipid bilayer

A

a thin, flat membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules that surrounds all cells, the cell nucleus, and organelles

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13
Q

hydrophilic

A

“water-loving” and refers to molecules that are attracted to water and can dissolve in it

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14
Q

hydrophobic

A

a physical property of molecules that repel water, or “water-hating”

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15
Q

macromolecules

A

large, complex, organic molecules that are essential to living organisms

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16
Q

DNA

A

a molecule in cells that contains genetic information that controls the development, function, growth, and reproduction of organisms and viruses

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17
Q

double helix

A

a term used to describe the physical structure of DNA

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18
Q

atoms

A

the smallest unit of matter that retains an element’s chemical properties

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19
Q

protons

A

subatomic particles with a positive charge that are found in the nucleus of every atom

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20
Q

neutrons

A

uncharged subatomic particles that are part of the nucleus of atoms, along with protons

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21
Q

electrons

A

negatively charged subatomic particles that can be found in all atoms and can either be bound to an atom or free

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22
Q

neutral

A

material that contains no net charge

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23
Q

ion

A

n atom or group of atoms that has an electrical charge

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24
Q

covalent bonds

A

a chemical bond that occurs when two or more atoms share electrons to form electron pairs

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25
non-polar covalent bonds
a chemical bond that forms when two atoms share electrons equally
26
polar covalent bonds
a chemical bond that forms when two atoms share electrons unequally because one atom has a higher electronegativity than the other
27
ionic bonds
a type of chemical bond that occur when oppositely charged ions are electrostatically attracted to each other
28
cation
an ion with a positive charge that is formed when a metallic element loses one or more electrons
29
anion
an atom or group of atoms that has a negative electric charge
30
hydrogen bonds
electrostatic forces of attraction between hydrogen atoms and electronegative atoms in molecules
31
bent structure
a kind of molecular geometry in which the central atom has two lone pairs of electrons and is associated with two bond pairs
32
polar molecule
a molecule with an uneven distribution of charge across its geometry, resulting in one side being positive and the other side negative
33
emergent properties
characteristics that arise when smaller parts of a system interact, but are not present in the individual parts
34
cohesion
the attraction between molecules of the same type
35
xylem tissue
a vascular tissue in plants that transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the stems and leaves
36
lignin
a complex organic polymer that's a major component of plant cell walls and a key structural material in the support tissues of most plants
37
cohesion-tension hypothesis
a model that explains how water moves up vascular plants. It's based on the idea that water molecules stick together through cohesion and adhesion, which creates enough tensile strength to lift water to the top of a tree without breaking
38
transpiration
the process by which water moves through a plant and evaporates into the atmosphere through its leaves, stems, and flowers
39
cohesive force
the force of attraction between molecules of the same substance
40
surface tension
a property of liquids that causes their surfaces to shrink to the smallest possible area
41
adhesion
the attraction between different types of molecules or the ability of a substance to stick to something else
42
hydroxyl groups
functional groups that consist of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom, written as either -OH or HO-
43
glucose
a type of sugar that is the primary energy source for living organisms
44
cellulose
a polysaccharide, or long chain of sugar units, that is a key component of plant cell walls
45
polymer
a large molecule made up of many smaller molecules, called monomers, that are linked together in a chain-like manner
46
cell wall
a rigid, nonliving layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of a cell and provides structural support, shape, and protection
47
natural fibers
raw materials that are not man-made or synthetic, and can be obtained from plants, animals, or minerals
48
capillary action
the movement of a liquid through a narrow space or along another material, against gravity or other external forces
49
meniscus
the curve that forms when water sticks to the inside of a glass or other container
50
soil particles
the structure of soil and are made up of tiny particles of rock, dead plants and animals, air, and water
51
solvent
a substance that dissolves other substances, called solutes, to create a solution
52
solute
a substance that can be dissolved in a solvent to create a solution
53
solution
a homogeneous mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent
54
solvation
the process of a solute (molecular species) dissolving into a solvent (molecular species) to form a liquid phase
55
insoluble
something cannot be dissolved into a liquid
56
cytosol
a dense, concentrated fluid that's found inside cells and is part of the cytoplasm
57
medium
a solid, liquid, or semi-solid substance that supports the growth of cells or microorganisms
58
catabolic reactions
a part of the metabolic process that break down large, complex molecules into smaller molecules to produce energy
59
anabolic reactions
metabolic pathways that use energy to build larger molecules from smaller ones
60
vascular plants
those varieties of plants that have special vascular tissue in them. The two types of vascular tissue, phloem, and xylem are behind the movement of water, minerals, and the products of photosynthesis
61
phloem
a vascular tissue in plants that transports organic materials, such as amino acids and sugars, from the leaves to the rest of the plant
62
source to sink
a theoretical model that describes how habitat quality can affect the growth or decline of organisms
63
blood plasma
the liquid component of blood that gives it its base. It's a clear, yellowish, or straw-colored fluid that makes up 55% of blood's volume. Plasma is made up of 90% water and 10% molecules
64
antibodies
proteins produced by the immune system to protect the body from harmful substances called antigens
65
urea
a chemical waste product and the primary solid component of mammalian urine that's formed when protein breaks down in the liver
66
lipids
fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents such as water
67
lipoproteins
complex particles that transport lipids and cholesterol through the bloodstream to cells throughout the body
68
physical properties
a characteristic of matter that can be observed or measured without changing its chemical composition
69
chemical properties
characteristics of a substance that can be observed or measured after a chemical change
70
buoyancy
the tendency of an object to float or rise when submerged in a fluid, such as a liquid or gas
71
viscosity
a fluid's resistance to flow, or its internal friction when moving+B72
72
thermal conductivity
a material's ability to conduct heat, or move heat from one location to another without the material itself moving
73
insulator
a substance which does not readily allow the passage of heat or sound
74
4.181 kJ kg-1 K-1
specific heat capacity of water
75
Ringed seal
the smallest seal species and are the most common seals in the Arctic
76
streamline
a shape that reduces friction drag between an object and a fluid, such as air or water, as the object moves through the fluid
77
blubber
a thick layer of fat, or adipose tissue, that covers the bodies of marine mammals, such as whales, seals, and walruses
78
black throated loon
a migratory aquatic bird that lives in the northern hemisphere

24-25 IB Biology Year 2 (41 decks)

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