A1.1 SL / HL Flashcards
water
a biological molecule that has many important functions that sustain life
universal solvent
a chemical substance that can dissolve most other substances
polar
electrons are not shared evenly over the covalent bond and the atoms involved have smallpartial chargesresulting in what are called dipoles
metabolite
a substance that is produced or used when the body breaks down food, drugs, chemicals, or its own tissue through a process called metabolism
metabolism
the process of chemical reactions that take place in an organism’s cells to produce energy and materials for growth, reproduction, and health
condensation reaction
a chemical reaction that joins two molecules together to form a larger molecule, or polymer, while eliminating a small molecule, such as water
hydrolysis reaction
a chemical reaction that breaks down biological molecules by using a water molecule to break chemical bonds
specific heat capacity
the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of a substance by one unit of mass by one unit
temperature buffer
a substance that helps regulate temperature in living organisms and environments
cell membrane
a semipermeable lipid bilayer that separates the inside of a cell from its outside environment+B12
phospholipid
a group of polar lipids that are the main component of cell membranes
lipid bilayer
a thin, flat membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules that surrounds all cells, the cell nucleus, and organelles
hydrophilic
“water-loving” and refers to molecules that are attracted to water and can dissolve in it
hydrophobic
a physical property of molecules that repel water, or “water-hating”
macromolecules
large, complex, organic molecules that are essential to living organisms
DNA
a molecule in cells that contains genetic information that controls the development, function, growth, and reproduction of organisms and viruses
double helix
a term used to describe the physical structure of DNA
atoms
the smallest unit of matter that retains an element’s chemical properties
protons
subatomic particles with a positive charge that are found in the nucleus of every atom
neutrons
uncharged subatomic particles that are part of the nucleus of atoms, along with protons
electrons
negatively charged subatomic particles that can be found in all atoms and can either be bound to an atom or free
neutral
material that contains no net charge
ion
n atom or group of atoms that has an electrical charge
covalent bonds
a chemical bond that occurs when two or more atoms share electrons to form electron pairs
non-polar covalent bonds
a chemical bond that forms when two atoms share electrons equally
polar covalent bonds
a chemical bond that forms when two atoms share electrons unequally because one atom has a higher electronegativity than the other
ionic bonds
a type of chemical bond that occur when oppositely charged ions are electrostatically attracted to each other
cation
an ion with a positive charge that is formed when a metallic element loses one or more electrons
anion
an atom or group of atoms that has a negative electric charge
hydrogen bonds
electrostatic forces of attraction between hydrogen atoms and electronegative atoms in molecules
bent structure
a kind of molecular geometry in which the central atom has twolone pairsof electrons and is associated with two bond pairs
polar molecule
a molecule with an uneven distribution of charge across its geometry, resulting in one side being positive and the other side negative
emergent properties
characteristics that arise when smaller parts of a system interact, but are not present in the individual parts
cohesion
the attraction between molecules of the same type
xylem tissue
a vascular tissue in plants that transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the stems and leaves
lignin
a complex organic polymer that’s a major component of plant cell walls and a key structural material in the support tissues of most plants
cohesion-tension hypothesis
a model that explains how water moves up vascular plants. It’s based on the idea that water molecules stick together through cohesion and adhesion, which creates enough tensile strength to lift water to the top of a tree without breaking
transpiration
the process by which water moves through a plant and evaporates into the atmosphere through its leaves, stems, and flowers
cohesive force
the force of attraction between molecules of the same substance
surface tension
a property of liquids that causes their surfaces to shrink to the smallest possible area
adhesion
the attraction between different types of molecules or the ability of a substance to stick to something else
hydroxyl groups
functional groups that consist of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom, written as either -OH or HO-
glucose
a type of sugar that is the primary energy source for living organisms
cellulose
a polysaccharide, or long chain of sugar units, that is a key component of plant cell walls
polymer
a large molecule made up of many smaller molecules, called monomers, that are linked together in a chain-like manner
cell wall
a rigid, nonliving layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of a cell and provides structural support, shape, and protection
natural fibers
raw materials that are not man-made or synthetic, and can be obtained from plants, animals, or minerals
capillary action
the movement of a liquid through a narrow space or along another material, against gravity or other external forces
meniscus
the curve that forms when water sticks to the inside of a glass or other container
soil particles
the structure of soil and are made up of tiny particles of rock, dead plants and animals, air, and water
solvent
a substance that dissolves other substances, called solutes, to create a solution
solute
a substance that can be dissolved in a solvent to create a solution
solution
a homogeneous mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent
solvation
the process of a solute (molecular species) dissolving into a solvent (molecular species) to form a liquid phase
insoluble
something cannot be dissolved into a liquid
cytosol
a dense, concentrated fluid that’s found inside cells and is part of the cytoplasm
medium
a solid, liquid, or semi-solid substance that supports the growth of cells or microorganisms
catabolic reactions
a part of the metabolic process that break down large, complex molecules into smaller molecules to produce energy
anabolic reactions
metabolic pathways that use energy to build larger molecules from smaller ones
vascular plants
those varieties of plants that have special vascular tissue in them. The two types of vascular tissue,phloem, and xylem are behind the movement of water, minerals, and the products of photosynthesis
phloem
a vascular tissue in plants that transports organic materials, such as amino acids and sugars, from the leaves to the rest of the plant
source to sink
a theoretical model that describes how habitat quality can affect the growth or decline of organisms
blood plasma
the liquid component of blood that gives it its base.It’s a clear, yellowish, or straw-colored fluid that makes up 55% of blood’s volume.Plasma is made up of 90% water and 10% molecules
antibodies
proteins produced by the immune system to protect the body from harmful substances called antigens
urea
a chemical waste product and the primary solid component of mammalian urine that’s formed when protein breaks down in the liver
lipids
fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble inpolar solvents such as water
lipoproteins
complex particles that transport lipids and cholesterol through the bloodstream to cells throughout the body
physical properties
a characteristic of matter that can be observed or measured without changing its chemical composition
chemical properties
characteristics of a substance that can be observed or measured after a chemical change
buoyancy
the tendency of an object to float or rise when submerged in a fluid, such as a liquid or gas
viscosity
a fluid’s resistance to flow, or its internal friction when moving+B72
thermal conductivity
a material’s ability to conduct heat, or move heat from one location to another without the material itself moving
insulator
a substance which does not readily allow the passage of heat or sound
4.181 kJ kg-1 K-1
specific heat capacity of water
Ringed seal
the smallest seal species and are the most common seals in the Arctic
streamline
a shape that reduces friction drag between an object and a fluid, such as air or water, as the object moves through the fluid
blubber
a thick layer of fat, or adipose tissue, that covers the bodies of marine mammals, such as whales, seals, and walruses
black throated loon
a migratory aquatic bird that lives in the northern hemisphere
