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24-25 IB Biology Year 2 > C4.2 SL / HL > Flashcards

C4.2 SL / HL Flashcards

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1
Q

Mesocosms

A

any outdoor experimental system that examines the natural environment under controlled conditions

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2
Q

Closed system

A

one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms areopen systems

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3
Q

biosphere

A

the region of the earth that encompasses all living organisms: plants, animals and bacteria

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4
Q

Open system

A

one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings

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5
Q

Laws of the conservation of matter / energy

A

the magnitude of properties within a chemical system, such as mass, energy, or charge, remain unchanged during a chemical reaction. These properties may be exchanged between components of the system; however, the total amount in the system does not increase or decrease

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6
Q

Laws of thermodynamics

A

the First Law of Thermodynamics states that total energy in a closed system is neither lost nor gained — it is only transformed. TheSecond Law of Thermodynamicsstates that entropy constantly increases in a closed system

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7
Q

Photons

A

a quantum of radiant energy with a visible wavelength. It is anelementary particlethat is its own antiparticle. It is a discrete concentration of energy

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8
Q

Producers

A

organisms that make their own food; they are also known as autotrophs

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9
Q

aphotic zone

A

the portion of a lake or ocean where there is little or no sunlight

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10
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

microorganisms that use inorganic chemicals as their energy source and convert them into organic compounds. These microorganisms are able to make what they need to supply themselves with nourishment and energy

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11
Q

geothermal pools

A

occurs when groundwater is geothermally heated by the earth’s crust

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12
Q

hydrothermal vents

A

the result of seawater percolating down through fissures in the ocean crust in the vicinity of spreading centers or subduction zones

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13
Q

Food chain

A

a linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass as one organism eats another

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14
Q

Food web

A

a complex network of interconnecting and overlapping food chains showing feeding relationships within a community

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15
Q

excretion

A

the process of removing wastes and excess water from the body

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16
Q

decomposers

A

organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms

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17
Q

Detritivores

A

organisms that break-down and feed on dead and decaying organic materia

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18
Q

saprotrophs

A

a type ofdecomposerthat feeds exclusively on dead and decaying plant matter

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19
Q

Humus

A

a substance made from dead leaves and plants, that put into the ground to help plants grow. Humus is partially decayed organic matter

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20
Q

topsoil

A

the upper layer of soil. It has the highest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms and is where most of the Earth’s biological soil activity occurs

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21
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

organisms that can utilize light energy from sunlight and elements (such as carbon) from inorganic compounds to produce organic materials needed to sustain their own metabolism

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22
Q

Carbon fixation

A

the conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic molecules by autotrophic organisms

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23
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

microorganisms that use inorganic chemicals as their energy source and convert them into organic compounds

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24
Q

hydrogen sulfide

A

a chemical compound with the formula H2S. It is a colorless chalcogen-hydride gas, and is poisonous, corrosive, and flammable, with trace amounts in ambient atmosphere having a characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs

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25
Q

hydrolysis

A

any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds

26
Q

ATP

A

the principal molecule for storing and transferring energy in cells

27
Q

spontaneous reaction

A

a reaction that proceeds on its own in a given set of conditions, without the external addition of energy.

28
Q

iron-fixing bacteria

A

long thread-like bacteria that “feed” on iron and secrete slime. Unlike most bacteria, which feed on organic matter, iron bacteria fulfill their energy requirements by oxidizing ferrous iron into ferric iron

29
Q

Heterotrophs

A

organisms that consume other organisms for energy

30
Q

assimilated

A

the process of absorption of vitamins, minerals, and other chemicalsfrom food as part of the nutrition of an organism

31
Q

cellular respiration

A

the process by which biological fuels are oxidized in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen

32
Q

oxidation reactions

A

a process that occurs when atoms or groups of atoms lose electrons

33
Q

Trophic level

A

any step in a nutritive series, or food chain, of an ecosystem

34
Q

primary consumer

A

animals that eat plants as part of their diet or as their entire diet

35
Q

Secondary consumer

A

The organisms that eat the primary consumersare called secondary consumers

36
Q

Tertiary consumer

A

animals that eat other animals

37
Q

Quaternary consumer

A

an animal that consumes at the very top of the food chain, after the primary consumer

38
Q

top carnivore

A

carnivores occupying the top level of a food chain or a number pyramid

39
Q

ecological pyramids

A

a graphical representation in the form of a pyramid showing the feeding relationship of groups of organisms

40
Q

Pyramid of numbers

A

shows the total number of individual organisms at each level in the food chain of an ecosystem

41
Q

Pyramid of biomass

A

the representation of total living biomass or organic matter present at different trophic levels in an ecosystem

42
Q

Pyramid of energy

A

a model that shows theflow of energyfrom one trophic, or feeding, level to the next in an ecosystem

43
Q

10% Rule

A

when energy is passed in an ecosystem from one trophic level to the next, only ten percent of the energy will be passed on

44
Q

Biomass

A

biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms

45
Q

primary production

A

the production of chemical energy in organic compounds by living organisms. The main source of this energy is sunlight but a minute fraction of primary production is driven by lithotrophic organisms using the chemical energy of inorganic molecules

46
Q

Secondary production

A

the formation of living mass of a heterotrophic population or group of populations over some period of time

47
Q

Atmosphere

A

a mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth

48
Q

Lithosphere

A

the solid, outer part of Earth

49
Q

Hydrosphere

A

the total amount of water on a planet

50
Q

Source

A

any natural or artificial production site of carbon and/or any chemical compounds composed of carbon, such as carbon dioxide and methane

51
Q

Sink

A

anything that absorbs more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases

52
Q

Flux

A

the rate of exchange of carbon between the variouscarbon sinks/ reservoirs

53
Q

methanogenic archaea

A

a unique group of strictly anaerobic microorganisms characterized by their ability, and dependence, to convert simple C1 and C2 compounds to methane for growth

54
Q

Peat

A

surface organic layer of a soil that consists of partially decomposed organic matter, derived mostly from plant material, which has accumulated under conditions of waterlogging, oxygen deficiency, high acidity and nutrient deficiency

55
Q

partial decomposition

A

incomplete decomposition of organic waste / dead matter

56
Q

waterlogged soil

A

excess water in the root zone accompanied by anaerobic conditions

57
Q

Fossilization

A

the process of an animal or plant becoming preserved in a hard, petrified form

58
Q

combustion

A

a chemical reaction between substances, usually including oxygen and usually accompanied by the generation of heat and light in the form of flame

59
Q

permafrost soil

A

permanently frozen layer on or under Earth’s surface. It consists of soil, gravel, and sand, usually bound together by ice.

60
Q

Fossil fuel

A

compound mixtures made of fossilized plant and animal remnants from millions of years ago. The creation of fossil fuels—either oil, natural gas, or coal—from these fossils is determined by the type of fossil, the amount of heat, and the amount of pressure

61
Q

Keeling Curve

A

a graph that represents the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in Earth’s atmosphere since 1958

24-25 IB Biology Year 2 (29 decks)

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