D3.3 HL only Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

nitrogen containing compounds

A

essential building blocks of living organisms. Amino acids, nucleic acids, and nucleobases are key biological nitrogen compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

nitrogenous waste

A

any waste product that is nitrogen-based.Nitrogenous wastesare formed when proteins are broken down into amino acids for energy. Ammonia is the most basic form of nitrogenous waste and is formed from the remaining amino acids that occur in the breakdown of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

NH3

A

ammonia (NH3),colourless, pungent gas composed of nitrogen and hydrogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

urea

A

an organic compound with the chemical formula CO (NH2)2. It is produced in the liver and serves as the metabolic by-product of protein and nitrogen metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

uric acid

A

a chemical created when the body breaks down substances called purines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

kidneys

A

One of a pair of organs in the abdomen. The kidneys remove waste and extra water from the blood (as urine) and help keep chemicals (such as sodium, potassium, and calcium) balanced in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Osmolarity

A

the number of dissolved solute particles per liter of solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Excretion

A

the process of removing wastes and excess water from the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Osmoregulation

A

maintenance by an organism of an internal balance between water and dissolved materialsregardless of environmental conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dehydration

A

A condition that occurs when the body loses too much water and other fluids that it needs to work normally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

hypertonic

A

a solution with a comparatively greater solute concentration than that in another solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hyperhydration

A

when the body takes in more water than it loses. Overhydration can occur when people drink much more water than their body needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hypotonic

A

solutions having a low amount or concentration of the non-penetrating solutes in comparison to the other solution across asemipermeable membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

osmotic potential

A

The ability of water molecules to migrate over a semipermeable membranefrom a hypotonic solution (more water, fewer solutes) to a hypertonic solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

renal vein

A

The main blood vessel that carries blood from the kidney and ureter to the inferior vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

renal artery

A

large blood vessels that carry blood from your heart to your kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cortex

A

The cortex surrounds the inside of the organ, which is called themedulla. The renal cortex itself is covered by the renal capsule, which is a layer of tougher protective tissue. The renal cortex is where the nephrons (blood-filtering units) begin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

medulla

A

the inner part of the kidney. The medulla helps regulate the concentration of urine by filtering out water, salts, and acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pelvis

A

a funnel collecting the urine produced in the kidney, leading to a central “stem,” the ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ureter

A

The tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

bladder

A

the organ that stores urine

22
Q

urethra

A

The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder.

23
Q

nephron

A

the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. They are the microscopic structure composed of arenal corpuscleand a renal tubule

24
Q

bowman’s capsule

A

a part of the nephron that forms a cup-like sack surrounding the glomerulus

25
Q

glomerulus

A

the main filtering unit of the kidney. It is formed by a network of small blood vessels (capillaries) enclosed within a sac called the Bowman’s capsule

26
Q

afferent arteriole

A

a group of blood vessels that supply the nephrons in many excretory systems. They play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure as a part of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

27
Q

efferent arteriole

A

a blood vessel in the urinary system that brings filtered blood from the glomerulus to the rest of the kidney and back to the general circulation

28
Q

ultrafiltration

A

a process in the kidney by which urea, salt, water and glucose etc. is extracted from the blood

29
Q

fenestrations

A

any small opening or pore

30
Q

basement membrane

A

a ribbon-like extracellular matrix that lies between the endothelium and thepodocytefoot processes

31
Q

podocyte

A

specialized visceral epithelial cells which regulate glomerular filtration

32
Q

filtrate

A

The liquid that passes through a filter

33
Q

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A

a segment of the renal tubule responsible for the reabsorption and secretion of various solutes and water. The PCT is located in the renal cortex, the outer part of the kidney, and is the first segment of the renal tubule, where it receives the filtrate from the renal corpuscle

34
Q

Selective reabsorption

A

the process whereby certain molecules (e.g. ions, glucose and amino acids), after being filtered out of the capillaries along with nitrogenous waste products (i.e. urea) and water in the glomerulus, are reabsorbed from the filtrate as they pass through the nephron

35
Q

microvilli

A

finger-shaped plasma membrane protrusions that are found at the surface of a large variety of cell types but are most numerous and elaborated on simple epithelial

36
Q

secondary (indirect) active transport

A

The molecule of interest is then transported down theelectrochemical gradient. While this process still consumes ATP to generate that gradient, the energy is not directly used to move the molecule across the membrane, hence it is known as secondary active transport

37
Q

symport

A

Proteins that move two molecules in the same direction across the membrane

38
Q

osmosis

A

the movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell’s partially permeable membrane

39
Q

The loop of henle

A

long U-shaped portion of the tubule that conducts urine within each nephron of the kidney of reptiles, birds, and mammals

40
Q

descending limb

A

the portion of the renal tubule constituting the first part of the loop of Henle. Descending limb of loop of Henle. Scheme of renal tubule and its vascular supply

41
Q

ascending limb

A

a direct continuation from thedescending limb of loop of Henle, and one of the structures in the nephron of the kidney. The ascending limb has a thin and a thick segment

42
Q

collecting ducts

A

The last part of a long, twisting tube that collects urine from the nephrons (cellular structures in the kidney that filter blood and form urine) and moves it into therenal pelvisand ureters

43
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

A hormone that helps blood vessels constrict and helps the kidneys control the amount of water and salt in the body

44
Q

permeability

A

the relative ability of solutes to diffuse through the lipid bilayer barrier of membranes.

45
Q

aquaporins

A

channel proteins from a larger family of major intrinsic proteins that form pores in the membrane of biological cells, mainly facilitating transport of water between cells

46
Q

counter-current multiplier

A

the process in which energy is used to create an osmotic gradient that enables the reabsorption of water from the tubular fluid, so that urine can be concentrated

47
Q

osmoreceptors

A

a sensory cell located in the hypothalamus that detects changes inosmolalityand stimulates the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (AVP) to regulate water balance in the body

48
Q

hypothalamus

A

The area of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst

49
Q

pituitary gland

A

sometimes called the “master” gland of the endocrine systembecause it controls the functions of many of the other endocrine glands. The pituitary gland is no larger than a pea, and is located at the base of the brain

50
Q

vasoconstriction

A

the narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls

51
Q

vasodilation

A

the widening of blood vessels due to the relaxation of the blood vessel’s muscular walls