A4.2 SL/HL

Question 1

Biodiversity

Answer 1

wide variety of ecosystems and living organisms: animals, plants, their habitats and their genes

Question 2

Ecosystem diversity

Answer 2

the variety of different habitats, communities and ecological processes

Question 3

Species diversity

Answer 3

the number of different species present in an ecosystem and relative abundance of each of those species

Question 4

species richness

Answer 4

a measure of the variety of species based simply on a count of the number of species in a particular sample

Question 5

species evenness

Answer 5

a description of the distribution of abundance across the species in a community

Question 6

Genetic diversity

Answer 6

he biological variation that occurs within species

Question 7

mass extinction

Answer 7

when species vanish much faster than they are replaced. This is usually defined as about 75% of the world’s species being lost in a short period of geological time - less than 2.8 million years

Question 8

Holocene extinction

Answer 8

The ongoing extinction of the Earth’s flora and fauna due to human activities

Question 9

Anthropogenic extinction

Answer 9

the extinction of species from the surface of earth that is due to human activities. It is mainly due to humans activities like hunting, poaching, deforestation etc.

Question 10

Giant moa

Answer 10

an extinct group of flightless birdsformerly endemic to New Zealand

Question 11

Caribbean monk seal

Answer 11

the only seal species native to Central America, was declared extinct in 2008

Question 12

deforestation

Answer 12

the decrease in forest areas across the world that are lost for other uses such as agricultural croplands, urbanization, or mining activities

Question 13

Intensive farming

Answer 13

uses machines, natural and artificial fertilisers, and high-yield. The percentage yield is a measure of the yield obtained compared to the maximum possible yield

Question 14

Dipterocarp

Answer 14

family includesaround 500 tree species with a pantropical distribution, although the large majority are located in Southeast Asian

Question 15

Keystone species

Answer 15

a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment relative to its abundance

Question 16

overexploitation

Answer 16

harvesting a species from its habitat at a rate faster than the population can recover

Question 17

Monoculture farming

Answer 17

a form of agriculture that is based on growing only one type of a crop at one time on a specific field

Question 18

eutrophication

Answer 18

the process in which a water body becomes overly enriched with nutrients, leading to the plentiful growth of simple plant life

Question 19

IPBES

Answer 19

The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is an independent intergovernmental body established by States to strengthen the science-policy interface for biodiversity and ecosystem services for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity

Question 20

IUCN Red List

Answer 20

a critical indicator of the health of the world’s biodiversity

Question 21

Citizen Scientists

Answer 21

the involvement of volunteers in science. BRC and the volunteer schemes have worked together to gather and analyse wildlife observations

Question 22

Overfishing

Answer 22

occurs when too many fish in a particular stock are caught and there are not enough adults to breed and sustain a healthy population

Question 23

Microplastics

Answer 23

small plastic pieces less than five millimeters long which can be harmful to our ocean and aquatic life

Question 24

Acid rain

Answer 24

esults when sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) are emitted into the atmosphere and transported by wind and air currents

Question 25

Biomagnification

Answer 25

a process causing the concentration of a substance (crosses) to increase at higher levels of the food chain

Question 26

Habitat destruction

Answer 26

the elimination or alteration of the conditions necessary for animals and plants to survive, not only impacts individual species but the health of the global ecosystem

Question 27

Urbanization

Answer 27

the study of the social, political, and economic relationships in cities, and someone specializing in urban sociology would study those relationships

Question 28

Fragmentation of habitats

Answer 28

process where a large, continuous habitat is divided into smaller isolated fragments due to human activities like roads

Question 29

Invasive species

Answer 29

an organism that typically causes ecological or economic harmin a new environment where it is not native

Question 30

in situ efforts

Answer 30

The process of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its natural habitat

Question 31

ex situ efforts

Answer 31

the conservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats

Question 32

National parks

Answer 32

an area set aside by a national government for the preservation of the natural environment

Question 33

Nature reserves

Answer 33

area set aside for the purpose of preserving certain animals, plants, or both

Question 34

Rewilding programs

Answer 34

letting nature take care of itself, enabling natural processes to shape land and sea, repair damaged ecosystems and restore degraded landscapes

Question 35

Reclaim degraded landscapes

Answer 35

one of many nature-based solutions to climate change that utilise natural assets and biodiversity to mitigate, adapt to, and build

Question 36

Breeding programs

Answer 36

the planned breeding of a group of animals or plants, usually involving at least several individuals and extending over several generations

Question 37

Artificial insemination

Answer 37

the process of collecting sperm cells from a donor male and manually depositing them into the reproductive tract of an ovulating female to achieve pregnancy

Question 38

Botanic gardens

Answer 38

institutions holding documented collections of living plants for the purpose of scientific research, conservation, display, and education

Question 39

Seed banks

Answer 39

a place where suitable conditions are maintained to conserve seed specimens of different plant species (wild or cultivated)

Question 40

Animal tissue banks

Answer 40

large collections of biospecimens linked to relevant personal and health information

Question 41

Germplasm

Answer 41

the genetic material of an individual that may be transmitted, sexually or somatically, from one generation to another

Question 42

Somatic tissue

Answer 42

the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells

Question 43

EDGE of Existence Program

Answer 43

a research and conservation initiative that focuses on species deemed to be the world’s most “Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered”