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24-25 IB Biology Year 2 > C1.1 HL only > Flashcards

C1.1 HL only Flashcards

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1
Q

Extracellular enzymes

A

enzymes that are secreted by a cell and function outside of the cell

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2
Q

extracellular environment

A

the space outside of a cell in biology

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3
Q

Intracellular enzymes

A

proteins that function inside a cell, and are also known as endoenzymes

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4
Q

cytoplasm

A

the gelatinous liquid that fills most of a cell’s interior, excluding the nucleus

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5
Q

ribosomes

A

ell organelles that are responsible for protein synthesis

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6
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that synthesizes proteins, folds them, and performs other functions

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7
Q

vesicles

A

small, membrane-bound sacs filled with liquid that perform a variety of functions within cells

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8
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

a cell organelle that processes and packages proteins and lipids for use inside and outside the cell

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9
Q

cell membrane

A

a semipermeable lipid bilayer that separates the inside of a cell from its outside environment

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10
Q

exocytosis

A

a biological process that involves the release of large molecules from a cell’s cytoplasm to the outside of the cell

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11
Q

ducts

A

a tube or vessel in the body that carries fluids, especially glandular secretions or excretions

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12
Q

excreted

A

the process of removing waste and toxic substances from an organism’s cells, tissues, blood, or organs

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13
Q

free ribosomes

A

small organelles that float freely in the cytosol of a cell and synthesize proteins that are used within the cell

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14
Q

Lysosomes

A

organelles in animal cells that are responsible for breaking down and recycling materials in the cell

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15
Q

DNA replication

A

the process by which a cell copies its DNA to create two identical copies

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16
Q

gene expression

A

he process by which the information encoded in a gene is turned into a function

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17
Q

cellular respiration

A

a process that occurs in the cells of all living organisms to convert chemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which contains energy

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18
Q

photosynthesis

A

a biological process that converts light energy into chemical energy, which is used to fuel the metabolism of organisms that perform it

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19
Q

Cyclin kinases

A

a family of enzymes that play a key role in cell cycle regulation

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20
Q

Phosphorylases

A

enzymes that process carbohydrates by catalyzing the reversible transfer of glycosyl groups from a saccharide donor to phosphate

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21
Q

Salivary amylase

A

an enzyme that helps break down starch into smaller sugars during digestion

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22
Q

lipase

A

an enzyme that breaks down fats in food so that the body can absorb them

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23
Q

Pepsin

A

an enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins in food during digestion

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24
Q

Trypsin

A

a digestive enzyme that helps break down proteins in the small intestine

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25
Q

Sucrase

A

an enzyme that breaks down sucrose, or table sugar, into glucose and fructose

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26
Q

Lactase

A

an enzyme that breaks down lactose, a sugar found in milk and other dairy products, into glucose and galactose

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27
Q

Maltase

A

an enzyme that breaks down maltose, a sugar made in the body, into glucose, a sugar used for energy

28
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A

a digestive enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars

29
Q

calories

A

a unit of energy that measure the amount of energy in food and the body’s need for energy to function

30
Q

thermal energy

A

the energy that results from the movement of particles in an object or system

31
Q

Metabolic heat

A

the heat produced by the body’s life processes, such as growth and energy production

32
Q

Ectotherms

A

organisms that rely on external sources to regulate their body temperature, and are often referred to as “cold-blooded” animals

33
Q

Thermoconformers

A

organisms that allow their body temperature to change with the temperature of their environment

34
Q

Endotherms

A

animals that can generate and control their own body heat to maintain a constant temperature, regardless of the environment

35
Q

Thermoregulators

A

an organism that maintains its physiologic core body temperature by balancing heat generation with heat loss

36
Q

Insulation

A

layers of thick skin, scales, fur, etc which stops the flow of heat from body part

37
Q

Surface area / volume ratio

A

how much surface area an object or collection of objects has per unit volume

38
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

a series of biochemical reactions that occur in a cell, which convert a substrate molecule into a final product

39
Q

inhibitors

A

chemical or biological molecules that regulate chemical reactions by slowing them down or preventing them from occurring

40
Q

exergonic reactions

A

a chemical reaction that releases energy to its surroundings, and is characterized by a negative change in free energy

41
Q

Linear pathways

A

follow a step-by-step sequence, where each enzymatic reaction results in the transformation of a substrate into an intermediate product

42
Q

Glycolysis

A

process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH and water

43
Q

Cyclical pathways

A

metanbolic pathway that links back to a starting substrate to ensure the starting materials are present to keep the cycle going

44
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration

45
Q

Activators

A

a substance that activates a protein or biological process, or increases the activity of an enzyme

46
Q

Cofactors

A

a non-protein chemical compound that is essential for the biological activity of a protein, usually an enzyme

47
Q

Coenzymes

A

a non-protein organic molecule that helps enzymes catalyze reactions

48
Q

Noncompetitive inhibition

A

a type of enzyme inhibition that occurs when an inhibitor binds to an enzyme at a different site than the active site

49
Q

allosteric site

A

a binding site on an enzyme that is separate from the active site

50
Q

conformational change

A

a change in the shape of a macromolecule, such as a protein, due to environmental factors or other influences

51
Q

Activators

A

a substance that activates a protein or biological process, or increases the activity of an enzyme

52
Q

Inhibitors

A

chemical or biological molecules that regulate chemical reactions by slowing them down or preventing them from occurring

53
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

a biochemical process where a substance prevents another substance from binding to an enzyme’s active site

54
Q

Positive feedback

A

a biological process that amplifies a body’s response to a stimulus, resulting in a cycle where the end products of an action cause more of that action to happen

55
Q

Negative feedback

A

a control mechanism that helps maintain a steady state, or homeostasis, by reversing changes in conditions

56
Q

Reversible inhibitors

A

a molecule that temporarily binds to an enzyme, slowing down the rate of a chemical reaction without forming a covalent bond

57
Q

Irreversible inhibitors

A

a substance that permanently blocks an enzyme’s action

58
Q

acetylcholine esterase

A

an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter, into acetic acid and choline

59
Q

Statins

A

a class of drugs that lower cholesterol levels in the blood by reducing the amount of cholesterol produced by the liver and helping the liver remove cholesterol that is already in the blood

60
Q

cholesterol

A

a structural component of cell membranes

61
Q

Penicillin

A

a class of antibiotics that treat bacterial infections by damaging the cell walls of bacteria

62
Q

antibiotic

A

a chemical that is used to treat and prevent bacterial infections by killing or limiting the growth of bacteria

63
Q

transpeptidase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acid residues, cross-linking proteins

64
Q

Penicillin resistance

A

when bacteria are able to withstand the effects of penicillin, an antibiotic that kills or stops the growth of bacteria

65
Q

Penicillin-binding proteins

A

bacterial enzymes that bind to penicillin and other antibiotics in the β-lactam class

24-25 IB Biology Year 2 (27 decks)

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