Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

24-25 IB Biology Year 2 > C1.1 HL only > Flashcards

C1.1 HL only Flashcards

1
Q

Extracellular enzymes

A

enzymes that are secreted by a cell and function outside of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

extracellular environment

A

the space outside of a cell in biology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Intracellular enzymes

A

proteins that function inside a cell, and are also known as endoenzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cytoplasm

A

the gelatinous liquid that fills most of a cell’s interior, excluding the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ribosomes

A

ell organelles that are responsible for protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that synthesizes proteins, folds them, and performs other functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

vesicles

A

small, membrane-bound sacs filled with liquid that perform a variety of functions within cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

a cell organelle that processes and packages proteins and lipids for use inside and outside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cell membrane

A

a semipermeable lipid bilayer that separates the inside of a cell from its outside environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

exocytosis

A

a biological process that involves the release of large molecules from a cell’s cytoplasm to the outside of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ducts

A

a tube or vessel in the body that carries fluids, especially glandular secretions or excretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

excreted

A

the process of removing waste and toxic substances from an organism’s cells, tissues, blood, or organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

free ribosomes

A

small organelles that float freely in the cytosol of a cell and synthesize proteins that are used within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lysosomes

A

organelles in animal cells that are responsible for breaking down and recycling materials in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

DNA replication

A

the process by which a cell copies its DNA to create two identical copies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

gene expression

A

he process by which the information encoded in a gene is turned into a function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cellular respiration

A

a process that occurs in the cells of all living organisms to convert chemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which contains energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

photosynthesis

A

a biological process that converts light energy into chemical energy, which is used to fuel the metabolism of organisms that perform it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cyclin kinases

A

a family of enzymes that play a key role in cell cycle regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Phosphorylases

A

enzymes that process carbohydrates by catalyzing the reversible transfer of glycosyl groups from a saccharide donor to phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Salivary amylase

A

an enzyme that helps break down starch into smaller sugars during digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

lipase

A

an enzyme that breaks down fats in food so that the body can absorb them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pepsin

A

an enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins in food during digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Trypsin

A

a digestive enzyme that helps break down proteins in the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Sucrase
an enzyme that breaks down sucrose, or table sugar, into glucose and fructose
26
Lactase
an enzyme that breaks down lactose, a sugar found in milk and other dairy products, into glucose and galactose
27
Maltase
an enzyme that breaks down maltose, a sugar made in the body, into glucose, a sugar used for energy
28
Pancreatic amylase
a digestive enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars
29
calories
a unit of energy that measure the amount of energy in food and the body's need for energy to function
30
thermal energy
the energy that results from the movement of particles in an object or system
31
Metabolic heat
the heat produced by the body's life processes, such as growth and energy production
32
Ectotherms
organisms that rely on external sources to regulate their body temperature, and are often referred to as "cold-blooded" animals
33
Thermoconformers
organisms that allow their body temperature to change with the temperature of their environment
34
Endotherms
animals that can generate and control their own body heat to maintain a constant temperature, regardless of the environment
35
Thermoregulators
an organism that maintains its physiologic core body temperature by balancing heat generation with heat loss
36
Insulation
layers of thick skin, scales, fur, etc which stops the flow of heat from body part
37
Surface area / volume ratio
how much surface area an object or collection of objects has per unit volume
38
Metabolic pathways
a series of biochemical reactions that occur in a cell, which convert a substrate molecule into a final product
39
inhibitors
chemical or biological molecules that regulate chemical reactions by slowing them down or preventing them from occurring
40
exergonic reactions
a chemical reaction that releases energy to its surroundings, and is characterized by a negative change in free energy
41
Linear pathways
follow a step-by-step sequence, where each enzymatic reaction results in the transformation of a substrate into an intermediate product
42
Glycolysis
process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH and water
43
Cyclical pathways
metanbolic pathway that links back to a starting substrate to ensure the starting materials are present to keep the cycle going
44
Krebs Cycle
the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration
45
Activators
a substance that activates a protein or biological process, or increases the activity of an enzyme
46
Cofactors
a non-protein chemical compound that is essential for the biological activity of a protein, usually an enzyme
47
Coenzymes
a non-protein organic molecule that helps enzymes catalyze reactions
48
Noncompetitive inhibition
a type of enzyme inhibition that occurs when an inhibitor binds to an enzyme at a different site than the active site
49
allosteric site
a binding site on an enzyme that is separate from the active site
50
conformational change
a change in the shape of a macromolecule, such as a protein, due to environmental factors or other influences
51
Activators
a substance that activates a protein or biological process, or increases the activity of an enzyme
52
Inhibitors
chemical or biological molecules that regulate chemical reactions by slowing them down or preventing them from occurring
53
Competitive inhibition
a biochemical process where a substance prevents another substance from binding to an enzyme's active site
54
Positive feedback
a biological process that amplifies a body's response to a stimulus, resulting in a cycle where the end products of an action cause more of that action to happen
55
Negative feedback
a control mechanism that helps maintain a steady state, or homeostasis, by reversing changes in conditions
56
Reversible inhibitors
a molecule that temporarily binds to an enzyme, slowing down the rate of a chemical reaction without forming a covalent bond
57
Irreversible inhibitors
a substance that permanently blocks an enzyme's action
58
acetylcholine esterase
an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter, into acetic acid and choline
59
Statins
a class of drugs that lower cholesterol levels in the blood by reducing the amount of cholesterol produced by the liver and helping the liver remove cholesterol that is already in the blood
60
cholesterol
a structural component of cell membranes
61
Penicillin
a class of antibiotics that treat bacterial infections by damaging the cell walls of bacteria
62
antibiotic
a chemical that is used to treat and prevent bacterial infections by killing or limiting the growth of bacteria
63
transpeptidase
an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acid residues, cross-linking proteins
64
Penicillin resistance
when bacteria are able to withstand the effects of penicillin, an antibiotic that kills or stops the growth of bacteria
65
Penicillin-binding proteins
bacterial enzymes that bind to penicillin and other antibiotics in the β-lactam class

24-25 IB Biology Year 2 (41 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions