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24-25 IB Biology Year 2 > A3.1 SL / HL > Flashcards

A3.1 SL / HL Flashcards

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1
Q

speices

A

a group of organisms that can interbreed with each other in nature and produce fertile offspring; also the eigth taxa of groups in the classifcation of life; the second part of a scientific name

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2
Q

interbreed

A

the act of mixing different species or varieties of plants or animals to produce hybrids

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3
Q

fertile offspring

A

offspring that can grow up to reproduce and have their own offspring

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4
Q

organism

A

a living thing that has certain characteristics and functions; a member of a species population

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5
Q

population

A

a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area at the same time and can potentially interbreed

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6
Q

habitat

A

the natural environment of an organism, such as a plant, animal, or community of organisms, that provides everything they need to survive

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7
Q

community

A

a group of different species that live together in a shared location, or habitat, and interact with each other in a complex web of relationships

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8
Q

variation

A

the difference between cells, organisms, or groups of organisms of the same species

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9
Q

continuous variation

A

a type of phenotypic trait variation that occurs when a characteristic can change gradually over a range of values

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10
Q

quantitative data

A

numerical data that is countable, measurable, or based on numbers

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11
Q

discrete variation

A

a type of variation that has a finite number of phenotypes, or values, that fall into clear-cut categories with no overlap

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12
Q

qualitative data

A

non-numerical information that describes characteristics or qualities of something

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13
Q

nucleotides

A

the fundamental building blocks of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA

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14
Q

species diversity

A

the number of species and their relative abundance in a given area, such as a population, ecosystem, or the Earth

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15
Q

biomes

A

a distinct geographical area with a specific climate, vegetation, and animal life that has formed in response to its physical environment and regional climate

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16
Q

intraspeciific variation

A

the extent of genetic variation that exists within a species

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17
Q

mutations

A

a change in the DNA sequence of an organism’s cell

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18
Q

gene flow

A

the transfer of genetic material between populations, also known as gene migration

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19
Q

meiosis

A

a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms to produce sex cells, or gametes, such as eggs and sperm

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20
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells, or sex cells, that fuse during fertilization in organisms that reproduce sexuall

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21
Q

sexual reproduction

A

the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes

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22
Q

interspecific variation

A

the difference between individuals of different species

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23
Q

morphological species concept

A

a way of defining species based on their structural features, such as their body shape

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24
Q

convergent evolution

A

a biological process that occurs when organisms that are not closely related develop similar traits or behaviors in response to similar environmental pressures

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25
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms. He is known as the “father of modern taxonomy”

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26
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

a biological system for naming organisms using two terms, with the first term indicating the genus and the second indicating the species

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27
Q

taxa

A

the different classifications of living organisms

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28
Q

domain

A

the first and largest of all groups in the classification of life

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29
Q

kingdom

A

the second taxa of groups in the classification of life

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30
Q

phylum

A

the third taxa of groups in the classification of life

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31
Q

class

A

the forth taxa of groups in the classification of life

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32
Q

order

A

the fifth taxa of groups in the classification of life

33
Q

family

A

the sixth taxa of groups in the classification of life

34
Q

genus

A

the seventh taxa of groups in the classification of life; first part of a scientific name

35
Q

taxonomy

A

the scientific study of naming, defining, and classifying organisms based on shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships

36
Q

classification

A

the process of organizing living and extinct organisms into groups based on their similar characteristics

37
Q

scientific name

A

a unique name used to refer to a specific species made of the genus and species taxa

38
Q

biological species concept

A

a species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

39
Q

reproductive isolation

A

when a species is unable to successfully breed with a related species due to barriers or differences that are geographical, behavioral, physiological, or genetic

40
Q

post-zygotic isolation

A

a type of reproductive isolation that occurs when offspring are born from a male and female of different species after fertilization

41
Q

isolation mechanism

A

a reproductive characteristic that prevents species from interbreeding and fusing

42
Q

geographic isolation

A

when two populations of organisms are physically separated by geographical barriers, such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water

43
Q

behavioral isolation

A

a biological process that prevents species from interbreeding due to differences in their behaviors

44
Q

temporal isolation

A

a reproductive barrier that prevents closely related species from interbreeding due to differences in timing

45
Q

hybrid

A

the offspring of two organisms of different varieties, subspecies, species, or genera that combine their qualities through sexual reproduction

46
Q

divergence

A

the evolution of different structures or forms in related species as they adapt to different environments

47
Q

chronospecies

A

a group of organisms that evolve into a later group of organisms that are considered a separate species

48
Q

asexual reproduction

A

a type of reproduction in which a single parent organism produces offspring without the involvement of gametes or fertilization

49
Q

cloning

A

the process of creating an exact genetic replica of an organism, cell, or tissue

50
Q

budding

A

a type of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from a bud or outgrowth of a parent organism

51
Q

binary fission

A

a type of asexual reproduction in biology where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells

52
Q

speciation

A

the process by which new species are created when a group within a species separates and develops its own unique characteristics

53
Q

sexual reproduction

A

the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes

54
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg or ovum) and a male gamete (sperm)

55
Q

sex cells

A

cells that are involved in sexual reproduction

56
Q

diploid

A

a cell, organism, or generation that has two complete sets of chromosomes in its nucleus

57
Q

haploid

A

an organism, cell, or nucleus that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes

58
Q

Evolution of chromosome #2

A

thought to have evolved from the fusion of two ancestral chromosomes in non-human primates; the theory that chromosome #2 in humans orginiated from the fusion of the eventual chromosomes #12 and #13 in chimpanzees

59
Q

centromere

A

a constricted region of a chromosome that connects sister chromatids during cell division

60
Q

banding pattern

A

a pattern of light and dark stripes that appear along the length of a chromosome after it has been stained with a dye and viewed under a microscope

61
Q

telomeres

A

repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that protect the ends from degradation and ensure the integrity of chromosomes

62
Q

karyogram

A

a diagram or photograph of a cell’s chromosomes, arranged in pairs and by size, shape, and banding pattern

63
Q

karyotype

A

the complete set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, including their size, shape, and number

64
Q

metaphase

A

a stage of cell division, either mitosis or meiosis, where chromosomes align in the middle of the cell

65
Q

photomicrograph

A

a photograph of an image that is magnified and taken through a microscope or similar device

66
Q

autosomes

A

chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes; chromosomes #1-22 in humans

67
Q

sex chromosomes

A

chromosomes that contain genes that determine an individual’s biological sex; chromosomes #23 in humans

68
Q

genetic diversity

A

the range of genetic characteristics in a species’ genetic makeup

69
Q

genes

A

a unit of heredity that is made up of DNA and passed from parent to child

70
Q

alleles

A

a variant of a gene’s sequence of nucleotides at a specific location on a DNA molecule

71
Q

genome

A

the complete set of DNA, or genetic material, in an organism

72
Q

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

A

a DNA sequence variation that occurs when a single nucleotide (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine) differs from the reference sequence

73
Q

human genome project

A

an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying, mapping and sequencing all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint. It started in 1990 and was completed in 2003

74
Q

bioinformatics

A

a scientific subdiscipline that uses computer technology to collect, store, analyze, and share biological data, such as DNA and amino acid sequences

75
Q

mitochondrial DNA (mDNA)

A

a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that’s found in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells

76
Q

NCBI genome data bank

A

a database of publicly available DNA sequences and protein interpretations

77
Q

phylogenetic trees

A

a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between different organisms, species, or genes

78
Q

personalized medicine

A

a medical practice that uses a patient’s genetic profile to help guide decisions about preventing, diagnosing, and treating disease

24-25 IB Biology Year 2 (11 decks)

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