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24-25 IB Biology Year 2 > B3.3 HL only > Flashcards

B3.3 HL only Flashcards

1
Q

Sessile

A

the biological property of an animal describing its lack of a means of self-locomotion

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2
Q

Motile

A

the ability of an organism to move independently using metabolic energy

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3
Q

Venus flytrap

A

a small, perennial, carnivorous plant with leaves that snap shut to trap insects and spiders

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4
Q

action potential

A

a rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane

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5
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

a passive transport process that moves molecules across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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6
Q

water potential

A

a measure of water’s potential energy to move from one area to another

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7
Q

osmosis

A

the process by which water molecules move through a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration

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8
Q

Three-toed sloth

A

a mammal native to Central and South America that is known for its slow movement and arboreal lifestyle

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9
Q

Myofibrils

A

rod-like organelles in muscle cells that are responsible for muscle contraction

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10
Q

Sarcomeres

A

the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber. Each sarcomere is composed of two main protein filaments—actin and myosin—which are the active structures responsible for muscular contraction

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11
Q

Actin

A

a globular protein that plays a central role in cell movement, shape, and other cellular processes

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12
Q

Myosin

A

the prototype of a molecular motor—a protein that converts chemical energy in the form of ATP to mechanical energy, thus generating force and movement

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13
Q

Z-lines

A

a protein band that marks the boundary between adjacent sarcomeres in a striated muscle fiber

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14
Q

M-line

A

a vertical line in the center of a sarcomere that connects myosin filaments together

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15
Q

H zone

A

the central region of the A band in a sarcomere that contains only thick myosin filaments and no thin actin filaments

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16
Q

A band

A

a dark region within a sarcomere that contains thick myosin filaments and some thin actin filaments

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17
Q

I bands

A

the light bands in skeletal muscle cells that contain only actin filaments

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18
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

a widely accepted theory that explains how muscles contract by describing the movement of protein filaments within muscle fibers

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19
Q

antagonistic pair

A

a set of two muscles that work in opposition to each other, with one muscle contracting while the other relaxes

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20
Q

Myosin head

A

the part of a myosin molecule that binds to actin filaments and generates force to cause muscle contraction

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21
Q

Troponin

A

a protein found in muscle cells that regulates calcium and controls muscle contraction

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22
Q

Tropomyosin

A

a protein that regulates muscle contraction and is found in the actin filaments of muscles and non-muscle cells

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23
Q

Cross-bridge

A

the attachment of myosin to actin within a muscle cell, which occurs during muscle contraction

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24
Q

acetylcholine

A

a chemical messenger that transmits nerve impulses and plays a vital role in the body’s functions

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25
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

the point where a motor neuron meets a skeletal muscle fiber, and is responsible for triggering muscle contraction

26
Q

power stroke

A

a structural change in a protein that occurs when a chemical change drives it

27
Q

contraction

A

an increase in the tension or a decrease in the length of a muscle

28
Q

Biceps

A

a large, thick muscle on the front of the upper arm that connects the shoulder to the elbow

29
Q

triceps

A

a large, thick muscle at the back of the upper arm that extends the elbow joint and straightens the arm

30
Q

Titin

A

a giant protein that plays a vital role in the structure, flexibility, and function of muscle cells

31
Q

impulse

A

a signal that travels along a nerve fiber, transmitting information throughout the nervous system

32
Q

motor neuron

A

a specialized nerve cell in the central nervous system (CNS) that transmits signals from the brain and sensory systems to muscles, glands, and organs, controlling voluntary and involuntary movements

33
Q

neurotransmitter

A

a chemical messenger that carries signals from one nerve cell to another, or to a muscle cell or gland

34
Q

Synapse

A

the junction between two neurons, or between a neuron and another cell, that allows nerve impulses to pass between them

35
Q

Motor unit

A

a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls

36
Q

terminal bud

A

an undeveloped leafy offshoot located at the tip of a stem or twig where most of a plant’s growth occurs

37
Q

pre-synaptic cell

A

a neuron that sends information to another neuron at a synapse

38
Q

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

A

transmembrane proteins that allow calcium to enter cells in response to changes in the cell’s membrane potential

39
Q

exocytosis

A

a biological process that moves large molecules and waste out of a cell and into the extracellular space

40
Q

ligand-gated Na+ channels

A

transmembrane proteins that allow sodium ions to pass through a cell membrane in response to a chemical messenger, such as a neurotransmitter

41
Q

Endoskeleton

A

a structural framework inside an animal that provides support and protection, and allows for movement

42
Q

Exoskeleton

A

a hard, protective covering on the outside of an animal that supports its body and protects its internal organs, soft tissues, and fluids

43
Q

levers

A

a rigid structure that uses a pivot point, or fulcrum, to create a turning motion

44
Q

fulcrum

A

a fixed point, usually a joint, around which a lever rotates

45
Q

Synovial joint

A

a freely movable joint in the body that allows for movement between long bones

46
Q

Muscles

A

soft tissues that are made up of groups of cells that work together to perform a specific job, such as movement

47
Q

Ligaments

A

bands of fibrous connective tissue that attach bones to bones and help stabilize joints and organs

48
Q

Tendons

A

a fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone or other structure, such as the eyeball, and helps move it

49
Q

Synovial fluid

A

a thick, viscous liquid that lubricates and protects the ends of bones in joints

50
Q

Cartilage

A

a flexible, tough connective tissue that provides structure and support to the body, particularly in joints, the ears, and the nose

51
Q

Ball-and-socket joint

A

a type of joint in which the rounded head of one bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone, allowing for a wide range of movement

52
Q

Femur

A

the thigh bone, the only bone in the upper leg that connects the hip and knee joints

53
Q

Pelvis

A

the lower part of the trunk, located between the abdomen and the thighs

54
Q

Joint capsule

A

a fibrous connective tissue that surrounds a joint, providing stability and allowing for movement

55
Q

goniometer

A

a device that measures angles or rotates an object to a specific position

56
Q

Hinge joints

A

a type of joint that allows for movement in one plane, usually only allowing for bending and straightening

57
Q

Pivot joint

A

a type of joint in the human body that allows a body part to rotate around a single axis, similar to a wheel

58
Q

Ventilation

A

the movement of air into and out of thelungsto supply oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide

59
Q

intercostal muscles

A

muscles that are located between the ribs and are responsible for moving the chest wall and assisting with breathing

60
Q

Inspiration

A

the process of breathing in, or taking air into the lungs

61
Q

Expiration

A

the process of exhaling, or releasing air from the lungs

24-25 IB Biology Year 2 (33 decks)

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