C2.1 HL only Flashcards
Cell signaling
the process by which cells communicate with each other and their environment to respond to stimuli
Ligand
a molecule that binds to a receptor, which is a protein molecule, to send signals within or between cells
Hormones
chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that carry signals between nerve cells, muscles, and glands
Cytokines
small proteins that act as chemical messengers to regulate the immune system and other cells in the body
Calcium ions
positively charged ions that play a vital role in many biological processes
Receptor
a molecule or cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a reaction in the cell
target cells
a cell that is acted on selectively by a specific agent
binding site
a region on a molecule or cell surface where a chemical substance can attach
specificity
the tendency of a characteristic such as a behavior or a biochemical variation to occur in a particular species
conformational change
a change in the shape of a molecule, often caused by environmental factors
Quorum
a cell-to-cell communication process that allows bacteria to sense their cell density and the composition of nearby species
Bioluminescence
the ability of a living organism to produce and emit light through a chemical reaction
Vibrio fischeri
a bioluminescent, rod-shaped, Gram-negative marine bacterium that can live independently or in a symbiotic relationship with certain fish and squid
bobtail squids
small cephalopods that are related to cuttlefish and are known for their symbiotic relationship with luminous bacteria
autoinducing molecule
a signaling molecule thatenables detection and response to changes in the population density of bacterialcells
LuxR
a protein that regulates gene expression in Gram-negative bacteria through a quorum sensing (QS) system
luciferase catalase
the class of oxidative enzymes that produce bioluminescence
Pheromones
chemical signals that organisms release to communicate with other members of their species
Acetylcholine
a chemical messenger that acts as a neurotransmitter, carrying signals from the brain to the body’s cells
Cytokine storm
A severe immune reaction in which the body releases too many cytokines into the blood too quickly
synapse
a junction between two neurons that allows for the transmission of information
endocrine glands
organs that produce and release hormones into the bloodstream, where they travel to cells throughout the body
Amines
a class of organic compounds that contain a nitrogen atom with a lone pair and are derived from ammonia