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24-25 IB Biology Year 2 > C2.1 HL only > Flashcards

C2.1 HL only Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell signaling

A

the process by which cells communicate with each other and their environment to respond to stimuli

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2
Q

Ligand

A

a molecule that binds to a receptor, which is a protein molecule, to send signals within or between cells

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3
Q

Hormones

A

chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body

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4
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that carry signals between nerve cells, muscles, and glands

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5
Q

Cytokines

A

small proteins that act as chemical messengers to regulate the immune system and other cells in the body

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6
Q

Calcium ions

A

positively charged ions that play a vital role in many biological processes

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7
Q

Receptor

A

a molecule or cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a reaction in the cell

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8
Q

target cells

A

a cell that is acted on selectively by a specific agent

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9
Q

binding site

A

a region on a molecule or cell surface where a chemical substance can attach

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10
Q

specificity

A

the tendency of a characteristic such as a behavior or a biochemical variation to occur in a particular species

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11
Q

conformational change

A

a change in the shape of a molecule, often caused by environmental factors

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12
Q

Quorum

A

a cell-to-cell communication process that allows bacteria to sense their cell density and the composition of nearby species

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13
Q

Bioluminescence

A

the ability of a living organism to produce and emit light through a chemical reaction

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14
Q

Vibrio fischeri

A

a bioluminescent, rod-shaped, Gram-negative marine bacterium that can live independently or in a symbiotic relationship with certain fish and squid

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15
Q

bobtail squids

A

small cephalopods that are related to cuttlefish and are known for their symbiotic relationship with luminous bacteria

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16
Q

autoinducing molecule

A

a signaling molecule thatenables detection and response to changes in the population density of bacterialcells

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17
Q

LuxR

A

a protein that regulates gene expression in Gram-negative bacteria through a quorum sensing (QS) system

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18
Q

luciferase catalase

A

the class of oxidative enzymes that produce bioluminescence

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19
Q

Pheromones

A

chemical signals that organisms release to communicate with other members of their species

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20
Q

Acetylcholine

A

a chemical messenger that acts as a neurotransmitter, carrying signals from the brain to the body’s cells

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21
Q

Cytokine storm

A

A severe immune reaction in which the body releases too many cytokines into the blood too quickly

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22
Q

synapse

A

a junction between two neurons that allows for the transmission of information

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23
Q

endocrine glands

A

organs that produce and release hormones into the bloodstream, where they travel to cells throughout the body

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24
Q

Amines

A

a class of organic compounds that contain a nitrogen atom with a lone pair and are derived from ammonia

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25
Q

Peptides

A

a short chain of amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds

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26
Q

Steroids

A

Any of a group of lipids (fats) that have a certain chemical structure

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27
Q

Esters

A

organic compounds that are formed when an alcohol and an acid react, resulting in the loss of water molecules

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28
Q

Gasses

A

small gaseous molecules that function as neurotransmitters. This family of neurotransmitters consists of nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide

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29
Q

Local signaling

A

a type of cell communication that occurs when cells that are close together use signals to communicate with each other

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30
Q

Distant signaling

A

a type of cell communication where signaling molecules travel from one cell to a target cell that is far away

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31
Q

Transmembrane receptors

A

protein molecules that span the cell membrane and interact with external ligands to trigger intracellular responses

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32
Q

Ion channel linked receptors

A

cell-surface receptors that open and close ion channels in response to chemical signals

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33
Q

G-protein linked receptors

A

a large group of cell surface proteins that respond to a wide range of external signals and play a key role in many bodily functions

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34
Q

Enzyme linked receptors

A

proteins that act as both receptors and enzymes, and play a key role in cell growth, differentiation, and survival

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35
Q

Intracellular receptors

A

proteins found inside a cell that regulate gene expression and cellular functions

36
Q

transcription factors

A

proteins that regulate gene activity by binding to DNA and other proteins

37
Q

First messenger

A

an extracellular factor that binds to a cell’s surface receptor and initiates a response within the cell

38
Q

Reception

A

the process of activating sensory receptors by stimuli, such as chemicals, temperature, or mechanical stimuli

39
Q

Transduction

A

the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one cell to another

40
Q

secondary messenger

A

a small molecule or ion that relays signals from cell surface receptors to target proteins within the cell

41
Q

signaling cascade

A

a series of chemical reactions that occur in a cell in response to a stimulus

42
Q

Cyclic AMP

A

(cAMP) isa small, hydrophilic molecule that acts as a second messenger in cells, regulating many physiological processes

43
Q

Response

A

the action of an organism in reaction to an internal or external stimulus

44
Q

Impulse transmission

A

the process by which nerve impulses are sent from one neuron to another, allowing the body to react to stimuli

45
Q

membrane potential

A

the difference in electrical potential between the inside and outside of a biological cell

46
Q

electrochemical potential difference

A

the difference in energy between two points, such as inside and outside a cell

47
Q

terminal bud

A

a bud located at the tip of a plant stem that is responsible for most of the plant’s growth

48
Q

pre-synaptic cell

A

a neuron that sends information to another neuron at a synapse

49
Q

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

A

transmembrane proteins that allow calcium ions to enter cells in response to changes in the cell’s membrane potential

50
Q

exocytosis

A

the process by which a cell moves large molecules and waste out of the cell and into the extracellular space

51
Q

ligand-gated Na+ channels

A

a type of ion channel that allows sodium ions to pass through the membrane of a cell when activated by a ligand

52
Q

G-protein-coupled receptors

A

proteins on the surface of cells that receive messages from the environment and transmit signals within the cell

53
Q

GTP

A

Guanosine Triphosphate(GTP) isa molecule that is involved in various cellular processes and serves as an energy source for certain biochemical reactions in the brain

54
Q

“fight or flight” response

A

an automatic physiological reaction to a perceived threat that prepares the body to either fight or flee

55
Q

Epinephrine

A

a hormone and neurotransmitter that plays a key role in the body’s fight-or-flight response

56
Q

adrenal glands

A

small, triangular-shaped organs that sit on top of each kidney and produce hormones that regulate many important bodily functions

57
Q

adrenergic receptor

A

cell surface proteins that bind to catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine, and mediate the actions of the sympathetic nervous system

58
Q

adenylate cyclase

A

an enzyme that converts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

59
Q

Insulin

A

a hormone that regulates the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood and controls how the body uses energy

60
Q

pancreas

A

a glandular organ in the abdomen that produces enzymes and hormones to aid in digestion and blood sugar regulation

61
Q

Negative feedback system

A

a control mechanism that helps maintain a steady state, or homeostasis, by returning conditions to a set point when they change

62
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinase

A

a protein found on the surface of cells that plays a key role in many cell functions, including cell division, metabolism, and survival

63
Q

tyrosine

A

a nonessential amino acid that plays a key role in many biological processes

64
Q

pancreatic beta cells

A

endocrine cells in the pancreas that produce and release insulin, a hormone that controls blood sugar levels

65
Q

glucose-transport proteins

A

membrane proteins that help glucose molecules enter cells

66
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

a passive transport process that moves molecules across a cell membrane from a higher concentration to a lower concentration without using energy

67
Q

hormone-receptor complex

A

a molecule or complex of molecules inside of or on the surface of a cell that binds its hormone resulting in a molecular change, which initiates a characteristic response or group of responses

68
Q

Testosterone

A

a hormone that plays a key role in the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics and other bodily functions

69
Q

Serum Response Factor gene

A

a transcription factor that regulates many genes involved in cellular activities, including:cell proliferation, cell migration, differentiation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis

70
Q

Oestradiol

A

a steroid hormone that plays a key role in the female reproductive system and other bodily functions

71
Q

ovarian cycle

A

a series of events that occur in the ovaries to prepare an egg for fertilization and reproduction

72
Q

hypothalamus

A

a part of the brain that coordinates the endocrine system and maintains a stable internal state called homeostasis

73
Q

ovaries

A

the female reproductive glands that produce eggs and hormones

74
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

a hormone that plays a vital role in sexual maturity, fertility, and sex drive

75
Q

puberty

A

the biological process of physical and hormonal changes that mark the transition from childhood to adulthood

76
Q

ovulation

A

the biological process of releasing an egg from an ovary during the menstrual cycle

77
Q

luteinizing hormone

A

a hormone that plays a role in sexual development and fertility in both men and women

78
Q

Progesterone

A

a steroid hormone that plays a vital role in the reproductive system, including menstruation, pregnancy, and sperm production

79
Q

uterine cycle

A

a series of changes that occur in the uterus each month to prepare for pregnancy

80
Q

endometrium

A

the inner lining of the uterus, made up of glandular cells that produce secretions

81
Q

menstruation

A

the shedding of the lining of the uterus, or endometrium, that occurs when pregnancy doesn’t happen

82
Q

Insulin-like Growth Factor gene

A

genes that encode proteins that promote growth and development

83
Q

Positive feedback

A

a feedback loop where a change in a given direction causes additional change in the same direction

84
Q

homeostasis

A

the process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment while adjusting to external changes

85
Q

Cyclin-CDK

A

families of proteins that regulate the cell cycle and other cellular processes

24-25 IB Biology Year 2 (27 decks)

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