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24-25 IB Biology Year 2 > B4.2 SL / HL > Flashcards

B4.2 SL / HL Flashcards

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1
Q

Niche

A

the role it plays in an ecosystem, including how it interacts with the environment and other organisms

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2
Q

spatial habitat

A

a region in an environment that is made up of multiple dimensions, each representing a characteristic of the environment

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3
Q

biotic factors

A

living organisms that make up an ecosystem, and they interact with each other and the environment to shape it

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4
Q

abiotic factors

A

non-living parts of an environment that affect living organisms and the functioning of ecosystems

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5
Q

Cellular respiration

A

a process that occurs in the cells of all living organisms that converts chemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which contains energy

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6
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

a chemical process that uses oxygen to create energy from carbohydrates and lipids

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7
Q

final electron acceptor

A

a molecule that receives the last electrons in an electron transport chain (ETC)

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8
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

a process that produces energy without oxygen, using electron acceptors other than oxygen

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9
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

microorganisms that can’t survive in the presence of oxygen, and are killed by normal atmospheric oxygen concentrations

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10
Q

hypoxia

A

a condition that occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the body or in an environment

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11
Q

anoxia

A

a state of complete oxygen deprivation in an organ or tissue

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12
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

an organism that can survive in both oxygen-rich (aerobic) and oxygen-poor (anaerobic) environments

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13
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

microscopic microorganisms, unicellular or multicellular oxygenic photoautotrophs, and Gram-negative prokaryotes

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14
Q

Green sulfur bacteria

A

anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria that grow only under strictly anoxic conditions

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15
Q

Purple bacteria

A

Gram-negative proteobacteria that are phototrophic, capable of producing their own food via photosynthesis

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16
Q

chlorophyll

A

a green pigment found in plants that absorbs red and blue light from sunlight, allowing plants to make their own food through photosynthesis

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17
Q

pigment

A

a colored material found in plant or animal cells that gives color to tissues, such as skin, eyes, and hair

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18
Q

Autotrophs

A

organisms that can produce their own food using energy from light or inorganic chemical reactions

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19
Q

Producers

A

organisms that make their own food and energy, and are the foundation of food webs in ecosystems

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20
Q

organic compounds

A

chemical compounds that contain carbon atoms covalently bonded to other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen

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21
Q

Heterotrophs

A

an organism that can’t produce its own food and instead gets nutrients from other sources, such as plants or animals

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22
Q

Consumer

A

an organism that cannot produce its own food and must eat other organisms for energy

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23
Q

holozoic nutrition

A

a type of heterotrophic nutrition that involves the consumption and internal processing of solid or liquid food by an organism

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24
Q

Herbivore

A

an animal that eats only plants, such as flowers, leaves, fruits, roots, or nectar

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25
Q

Carnivore

A

an organism that primarily eats meat, or the flesh of other animals

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26
Q

Omnivore

A

an organism that eats both plants and animals, as well as other materials like algae and fungi

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27
Q

Scavenger

A

an organism that consumes dead or decaying organic matter, such as rotting plant material or the remains of other animals

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28
Q

Ingestion

A

the process by which an organism consumes a substance

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29
Q

Endocytosis

A

a process in which cells absorb substances from outside the cell by engulfing them with their cell membrane

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30
Q

Digestion

A

the process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that the body can absorb and use for energy, growth, and repair

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31
Q

catabolic enzymes

A

proteins that speed up the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones through biochemical reactions

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32
Q

Absorption

A

the process by which chemicals, such as nutrients, drugs, and toxicants, enter the bloodstream of an organism

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33
Q

Assimilation

A

the process by which living organisms convert food into chemicals, minerals, and vitamins that the body needs to function

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34
Q

Egestion

A

the process of removing undigested food or waste from an organism or cell+B35

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35
Q

Mixotrophic nutrition

A

a type of nutrition where organisms can use multiple sources of energy and carbon, or different modes of nutrition, to gain nutrients and carbon

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36
Q

Obligate mixotrophs

A

organisms that must use both heterotrophic and autotrophic methods of nutrition for growth and maintenance

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37
Q

Facultative mixotrophs

A

an organism that can use either heterotrophic or autotrophic means to grow and maintain itself, but only uses mixotrophy when necessary

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38
Q

decomposers

A

an organism that breaks down dead or decaying organisms and organic material for energy, carbon, and nutrients

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39
Q

Detritivores

A

organisms that consume dead and decaying plant and animal matter with internal digestion

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40
Q

Saprotrophs

A

organisms that feed on dead and decaying organic matter with external digestion

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41
Q

Domain

A

the highest order of life classification

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42
Q

Eukarya

A

any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus

43
Q

Bacteria

A

single-celledmicroorganismsthat lack a nuclear membrane, are metabolically active and divide by binary fission

44
Q

Archaea

A

unicellular microorganisms with a prokaryotic cell structure and distinct genetic, biochemical, and physiological features

45
Q

Extremophiles

A

organisms that can survive in environments that are considered extreme by humans

46
Q

Photoautotrophic archaea

A

organisms that carry out photosynthesis. Using energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide and water are converted into organic materials

47
Q

Chemosynthetic archaea

A

prokaryotic microorganisms that use chemosynthesis to create food, or sugars, from chemical reactions instead of photosynthesis

48
Q

aphotic zone

A

the part of an ocean or lake where there is little to no sunlight

49
Q

Methanogenic archaea

A

microorganisms that produce methane as a byproduct of their energy metabolism

50
Q

mitogenesis

A

the process of cell division and proliferation, and the process of producing new mitochondria

51
Q

Mastication

A

the process of chewing food, which is the first step in digestion

52
Q

bolus

A

a ball-like mixture of food and saliva that forms in the mouth during chewing

53
Q

Dentition

A

the study of the arrangement and structure of teeth in the mouth, including their number, type, and development

54
Q

Incisors

A

the front teeth of mammals, including humans, that are used for cutting, biting, nibbling, and stripping food

55
Q

Canines

A

the sharp pointy teeth in mammals’ mouths

56
Q

Premolars

A

transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth

57
Q

Molars

A

teeth located at the back of the mouth that are used for grinding food

58
Q

Tusks

A

elongated teeth that grow continuously and extend beyond the mouth of some mammals

59
Q

Rodent incisors

A

constantly growing rootless incisors that have a hard enamel layer on the front of each tooth and softer dentine behind

60
Q

Diastema

A

a gap between the front and back teeth of an herbivore, and it helps with chewing and manipulating food

61
Q

Carnassial teeth

A

specialized teeth found in carnivorous animals that are designed to slice through tough tissues

62
Q

Hominidae

A

the taxonomic family of great apes and humans, which are known for their complex social behavior and intellectual abilities

63
Q

frugivores

A

animals that eat fruit, seeds, flowers, and tubers as a primary part of their diet

64
Q

Cellulose

A

the main substance found in plant cell walls and helps the plant to remain stiff and strong

65
Q

Polysaccharide

A

long chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides

66
Q

cellulase

A

an enzyme that breaks down cellulose, a linear polysaccharide found in plant cell walls

67
Q

mutual symbiosis

A

a type of symbiotic relationship where both species involved benefit from the interaction

68
Q

Ruminants

A

mammals that have a complex stomach and digest plant-based food by fermenting it before digestion

69
Q

Stylets

A

a hard, sharp, or hollow organ or appendage that some invertebrates use for piercing or feeding

70
Q

Mandibles

A

a pair of mouthparts that function as jaws for gripping, biting, and cutting food

71
Q

Tubular mouthparts

A

elongate, channelled along their surfaces and held together by hooks and spines to form a suckingtube

72
Q

Coprophagy

A

a behavior where an animal reingests its own excreted feces

73
Q

Phytotoxins

A

toxic substances that can harm plants, and can be produced by plants, microorganisms, or chemical reactions

74
Q

Alkaloids

A

a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain nitrogen and are often found in plants and fungi

75
Q

Tannins

A

a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids

76
Q

Predation

A

a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey

77
Q

Camouflage

A

a defense mechanism that helps organisms hide their identity, location, and movement by blending in with their surroundings

78
Q

Venom

A

the poisonous secretion of an animal, produced by specialized glands that are often associated with spines, teeth, stings, or other piercing devices

79
Q

Neurotoxins

A

a substance that can alter the structure or function of the nervous system, causing neurotoxicity

80
Q

Hemotoxins

A

an agent that alters blood flow (hemodynamics), destroys red blood cells (hemolysis), disrupts hemostasis (i.e., a coagulotoxin), or injures blood vessel walls (i.e., a vasculotoxin)

81
Q

Cardiotoxins

A

chemicals that are toxic to the heart, causing muscle damage or heart electrophysiology dysfunction

82
Q

Stalking

A

a hunting strategy used by predatory animals to stealthily follow and pounce on their prey

83
Q

Ambush

A

a hunting strategy where an animal, known as an ambush predator, hides and waits for a prey to come within striking distance, then launches a sudden attack

84
Q

Cooperative hunting

A

a hunting strategy where multiple animals work together to capture prey

85
Q

Luring

A

a form of aggressive mimicrycharacterized by the waving or wriggling of the predator’s tail to attract prey

86
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

a type of biological mimicry where a harmless organism mimics a dangerous one, to avoid being eaten by predators

87
Q

Antimicrobial secretions

A

substances that are used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, viruses, or other microbes

88
Q

Nocturnal activity

A

the behavior of organisms that are active at night and sleep during the day

89
Q

Thanatosis

A

a defensive behavior in which an animal appears dead to avoid being attacked by a predator

90
Q

Mobbing

A

a behavior where prey approach, harass and sometimes attack a predator

91
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

one or more layers of cells located directly under the epidermal cells of the adaxial leaf blade surface

92
Q

Phototropism

A

the ability of plants to move or grow in response to light

93
Q

Herbaceous plants

A

vascular plants that have green, soft stems and no permanent woody stems above ground

94
Q

shrub layer

A

a layer of vegetation in a forest that’s made up of small woody plants and young trees, and is located between the canopy and the forest floor

95
Q

Understory

A

the layer of vegetation that grows beneath the canopy of a forest or wooded area, made up of trees and shrubs

96
Q

Canopy

A

the aboveground portion of a plant community or crop, made up of the crowns of individual plants

97
Q

Lianas

A

woody vines that grow from the ground and climb up trees and other structures to reach sunlight

98
Q

Epiphytes

A

plants that grow on other plants, or phorophytes, for physical support, but do not negatively affect the host plant

99
Q

Fundamental niche

A

the ideal set of conditions that allow a species to survive and reproduce without competition or other limiting factors

100
Q

Realized niche

A

the set of conditions actually used by given animal (pop, species), after interactions with other species (predation and especially competition) have been taken into account

101
Q

intertidal zone

A

the area between the ocean and the shore that is exposed during low tide and underwater during high tide

102
Q

Principle of competitive exclusion

A

an ecological principle that states that two species competing for the same limited resources cannot coexist in the same niche for long

103
Q

Interspecific competition

A

a biological phenomenon that occurs when different species compete for the same resources, such as food, water, or space

104
Q

paramecium

A

holotrichous ciliates, that is, unicellular organisms in the phylum Ciliophora that are covered with cilia

24-25 IB Biology Year 2 (27 decks)

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