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24-25 IB Biology Year 2 > B4.2 SL / HL > Flashcards

B4.2 SL / HL Flashcards

1
Q

Niche

A

the role it plays in an ecosystem, including how it interacts with the environment and other organisms

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2
Q

spatial habitat

A

a region in an environment that is made up of multiple dimensions, each representing a characteristic of the environment

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3
Q

biotic factors

A

living organisms that make up an ecosystem, and they interact with each other and the environment to shape it

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4
Q

abiotic factors

A

non-living parts of an environment that affect living organisms and the functioning of ecosystems

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5
Q

Cellular respiration

A

a process that occurs in the cells of all living organisms that converts chemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which contains energy

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6
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

a chemical process that uses oxygen to create energy from carbohydrates and lipids

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7
Q

final electron acceptor

A

a molecule that receives the last electrons in an electron transport chain (ETC)

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8
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

a process that produces energy without oxygen, using electron acceptors other than oxygen

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9
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

microorganisms that can’t survive in the presence of oxygen, and are killed by normal atmospheric oxygen concentrations

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10
Q

hypoxia

A

a condition that occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the body or in an environment

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11
Q

anoxia

A

a state of complete oxygen deprivation in an organ or tissue

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12
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

an organism that can survive in both oxygen-rich (aerobic) and oxygen-poor (anaerobic) environments

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13
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

microscopic microorganisms, unicellular or multicellular oxygenic photoautotrophs, and Gram-negative prokaryotes

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14
Q

Green sulfur bacteria

A

anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria that grow only under strictly anoxic conditions

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15
Q

Purple bacteria

A

Gram-negative proteobacteria that are phototrophic, capable of producing their own food via photosynthesis

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16
Q

chlorophyll

A

a green pigment found in plants that absorbs red and blue light from sunlight, allowing plants to make their own food through photosynthesis

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17
Q

pigment

A

a colored material found in plant or animal cells that gives color to tissues, such as skin, eyes, and hair

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18
Q

Autotrophs

A

organisms that can produce their own food using energy from light or inorganic chemical reactions

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19
Q

Producers

A

organisms that make their own food and energy, and are the foundation of food webs in ecosystems

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20
Q

organic compounds

A

chemical compounds that contain carbon atoms covalently bonded to other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen

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21
Q

Heterotrophs

A

an organism that can’t produce its own food and instead gets nutrients from other sources, such as plants or animals

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22
Q

Consumer

A

an organism that cannot produce its own food and must eat other organisms for energy

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23
Q

holozoic nutrition

A

a type of heterotrophic nutrition that involves the consumption and internal processing of solid or liquid food by an organism

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24
Q

Herbivore

A

an animal that eats only plants, such as flowers, leaves, fruits, roots, or nectar

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25
Carnivore
an organism that primarily eats meat, or the flesh of other animals
26
Omnivore
an organism that eats both plants and animals, as well as other materials like algae and fungi
27
Scavenger
an organism that consumes dead or decaying organic matter, such as rotting plant material or the remains of other animals
28
Ingestion
the process by which an organism consumes a substance
29
Endocytosis
a process in which cells absorb substances from outside the cell by engulfing them with their cell membrane
30
Digestion
the process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that the body can absorb and use for energy, growth, and repair
31
catabolic enzymes
proteins that speed up the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones through biochemical reactions
32
Absorption
the process by which chemicals, such as nutrients, drugs, and toxicants, enter the bloodstream of an organism
33
Assimilation
the process by which living organisms convert food into chemicals, minerals, and vitamins that the body needs to function
34
Egestion
the process of removing undigested food or waste from an organism or cell+B35
35
Mixotrophic nutrition
a type of nutrition where organisms can use multiple sources of energy and carbon, or different modes of nutrition, to gain nutrients and carbon
36
Obligate mixotrophs
organisms that must use both heterotrophic and autotrophic methods of nutrition for growth and maintenance
37
Facultative mixotrophs
an organism that can use either heterotrophic or autotrophic means to grow and maintain itself, but only uses mixotrophy when necessary
38
decomposers
an organism that breaks down dead or decaying organisms and organic material for energy, carbon, and nutrients
39
Detritivores
organisms that consume dead and decaying plant and animal matter with internal digestion
40
Saprotrophs
organisms that feed on dead and decaying organic matter with external digestion
41
Domain
the highest order of life classification
42
Eukarya
any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus
43
Bacteria
single-celled microorganisms that lack a nuclear membrane, are metabolically active and divide by binary fission
44
Archaea
unicellular microorganisms with a prokaryotic cell structure and distinct genetic, biochemical, and physiological features
45
Extremophiles
organisms that can survive in environments that are considered extreme by humans
46
Photoautotrophic archaea
organisms that carry out photosynthesis. Using energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide and water are converted into organic materials
47
Chemosynthetic archaea
prokaryotic microorganisms that use chemosynthesis to create food, or sugars, from chemical reactions instead of photosynthesis
48
aphotic zone
the part of an ocean or lake where there is little to no sunlight
49
Methanogenic archaea
microorganisms that produce methane as a byproduct of their energy metabolism
50
mitogenesis
the process of cell division and proliferation, and the process of producing new mitochondria
51
Mastication
the process of chewing food, which is the first step in digestion
52
bolus
a ball-like mixture of food and saliva that forms in the mouth during chewing
53
Dentition
the study of the arrangement and structure of teeth in the mouth, including their number, type, and development
54
Incisors
the front teeth of mammals, including humans, that are used for cutting, biting, nibbling, and stripping food
55
Canines
the sharp pointy teeth in mammals' mouths
56
Premolars
transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth
57
Molars
teeth located at the back of the mouth that are used for grinding food
58
Tusks
elongated teeth that grow continuously and extend beyond the mouth of some mammals
59
Rodent incisors
constantly growing rootless incisors that have a hard enamel layer on the front of each tooth and softer dentine behind
60
Diastema
a gap between the front and back teeth of an herbivore, and it helps with chewing and manipulating food
61
Carnassial teeth
specialized teeth found in carnivorous animals that are designed to slice through tough tissues
62
Hominidae
the taxonomic family of great apes and humans, which are known for their complex social behavior and intellectual abilities
63
frugivores
animals that eat fruit, seeds, flowers, and tubers as a primary part of their diet
64
Cellulose
the main substance found in plant cell walls and helps the plant to remain stiff and strong
65
Polysaccharide
long chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides
66
cellulase
an enzyme that breaks down cellulose, a linear polysaccharide found in plant cell walls
67
mutual symbiosis
a type of symbiotic relationship where both species involved benefit from the interaction
68
Ruminants
mammals that have a complex stomach and digest plant-based food by fermenting it before digestion
69
Stylets
a hard, sharp, or hollow organ or appendage that some invertebrates use for piercing or feeding
70
Mandibles
a pair of mouthparts that function as jaws for gripping, biting, and cutting food
71
Tubular mouthparts
elongate, channelled along their surfaces and held together by hooks and spines to form a sucking tube
72
Coprophagy
a behavior where an animal reingests its own excreted feces
73
Phytotoxins
toxic substances that can harm plants, and can be produced by plants, microorganisms, or chemical reactions
74
Alkaloids
a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain nitrogen and are often found in plants and fungi
75
Tannins
a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids
76
Predation
a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey
77
Camouflage
a defense mechanism that helps organisms hide their identity, location, and movement by blending in with their surroundings
78
Venom
the poisonous secretion of an animal, produced by specialized glands that are often associated with spines, teeth, stings, or other piercing devices
79
Neurotoxins
a substance that can alter the structure or function of the nervous system, causing neurotoxicity
80
Hemotoxins
an agent that alters blood flow (hemodynamics), destroys red blood cells (hemolysis), disrupts hemostasis (i.e., a coagulotoxin), or injures blood vessel walls (i.e., a vasculotoxin)
81
Cardiotoxins
chemicals that are toxic to the heart, causing muscle damage or heart electrophysiology dysfunction
82
Stalking
a hunting strategy used by predatory animals to stealthily follow and pounce on their prey
83
Ambush
a hunting strategy where an animal, known as an ambush predator, hides and waits for a prey to come within striking distance, then launches a sudden attack
84
Cooperative hunting
a hunting strategy where multiple animals work together to capture prey
85
Luring
a form of aggressive mimicry characterized by the waving or wriggling of the predator's tail to attract prey
86
Batesian mimicry
a type of biological mimicry where a harmless organism mimics a dangerous one, to avoid being eaten by predators
87
Antimicrobial secretions
substances that are used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, viruses, or other microbes
88
Nocturnal activity
the behavior of organisms that are active at night and sleep during the day
89
Thanatosis
a defensive behavior in which an animal appears dead to avoid being attacked by a predator
90
Mobbing
a behavior where prey approach, harass and sometimes attack a predator
91
palisade mesophyll
one or more layers of cells located directly under the epidermal cells of the adaxial leaf blade surface
92
Phototropism
the ability of plants to move or grow in response to light
93
Herbaceous plants
vascular plants that have green, soft stems and no permanent woody stems above ground
94
shrub layer
a layer of vegetation in a forest that's made up of small woody plants and young trees, and is located between the canopy and the forest floor
95
Understory
the layer of vegetation that grows beneath the canopy of a forest or wooded area, made up of trees and shrubs
96
Canopy
the aboveground portion of a plant community or crop, made up of the crowns of individual plants
97
Lianas
woody vines that grow from the ground and climb up trees and other structures to reach sunlight
98
Epiphytes
plants that grow on other plants, or phorophytes, for physical support, but do not negatively affect the host plant
99
Fundamental niche
the ideal set of conditions that allow a species to survive and reproduce without competition or other limiting factors
100
Realized niche
the set of conditions actually used by given animal (pop, species), after interactions with other species (predation and especially competition) have been taken into account
101
intertidal zone
the area between the ocean and the shore that is exposed during low tide and underwater during high tide
102
Principle of competitive exclusion
an ecological principle that states that two species competing for the same limited resources cannot coexist in the same niche for long
103
Interspecific competition
a biological phenomenon that occurs when different species compete for the same resources, such as food, water, or space
104
paramecium
holotrichous ciliates, that is, unicellular organisms in the phylum Ciliophora that are covered with cilia

24-25 IB Biology Year 2 (41 decks)

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