Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CVPR > CVPR Week 7: Water & Sodium Balance > Flashcards

CVPR Week 7: Water & Sodium Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Objectives

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Question 1

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Question 2

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Question 3

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Basic role of the kidneys

A

Body fluid composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do the kidneys change body fluid composition?

A
  • Ideal environment for cellular function
  • water and electrolyte excretion and retention controlled
  • Composition of extracellular water and plasma tightly regulated by renal function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Primary processes of the kidneys

5 listed

A
  • Filtration
  • Reabsorption
  • Secretion
  • Excretion
  • Endocrine function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What structure in the kidney is responsible for filtration?

A

Bowman’s Capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Glomerulus AKA

A

Bowman’s Capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bowman’s Capsule AKA

A

Glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What function is the glomerulus responsible for?

A

Filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What function is the proximal tubule responsible for?

A

Reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What function is responsible for reabsorption in the kidney?

A

Proximal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What function is responsible for descending water reabsorption and ascending solute reabsorption in the kidney?

A

Loop of Henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What function is responsible for regulated solute reabsorption in the kidney?

A

Distal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What function is responsible for regulated water reabsorption in the kidney?

A

Collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What function is the proximal tubule responsible for?

A

Reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What function is the Loop of Henle responsible for?

A
  • Water reabsorption (descending)
  • Solute reabsorption (ascending)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What function is the distal tubule responsible for?

A

Regulated solute reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What function is the collecting duct responsible for?

A

Regulated water reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Identify

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Types of nephrons

A
  • Superficial nephrons
  • Juxtamedullary nephrons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A
  • 10% of nephrons
  • Long loop
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Superficial nephrons

A
  • Short loop
  • 90% of nephrons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Identify

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The filtration process

A
  1. Blood is “filtered” as it passes through the glomerular capillaries
  2. ~20% of plasma entering the glomerulus is filtered into Bowman’s Space and enters the proximal tubules
  3. Plasma is filtered ~60 times/day to control water, sodium and waste product levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Blood is filtered as it passes through?

A

The glomerular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How much filtrate is Reabsorbed

A

99% of filtrate is reabsorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Reabsorbed filtrate moves into

A

The peritubular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How is reabsorption regulated?

A

By hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The importance of urine excretion

A

important route of excretion for many toxic substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How is secretion in the kidney mediated?

A

By transporters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Endocrine function of the kidneys

A

The kidney is an important site of synthesis for three hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Renal hormones

3 listed

A
  • Erythropoietin
  • 1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3
  • Renin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 AKA

A

Calcitriol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Calcitriol AKA

A

1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Erythropoietin function

A

Erythrocyte formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 function

A

Ca2+ homeostasis

39
Q

Renin function

A

Na+ and H2O balance

40
Q

Location of renin synthesis

A

Synthesized in juxtaglomerular cells (JCC) of the afferent arteriole (granular cells)

41
Q

What is renin

A

Renin is an enzyme the regulates the formation of angiotensin II

42
Q

Renin regulation

A

Renin is regulated by sympathetic nerves, salt intake and blood pressure

43
Q

What stimulates the release of renin?

A

Decreased renal blood flow or sodium delivery stimulates renin release

44
Q

Renin function

A

regulates the formation of angiotensin II

45
Q

Angiotensin II function in fluid composition

A

it is a sodium-retaining hormone

46
Q

Identify

47
Q

EGMC AKA

A

Extraglomerular mesangial cell

48
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

a glycoprotein hormone

49
Q

Location of erythropoietin synthesis

A

Erythropoietin is synthesized and secreted from renal epithelial cells

50
Q

Erythropoietin function

A

stimulates erythrocyte synthesis

51
Q

erythropoietin AKA

52
Q

EPO AKA

A

erythropoietin

53
Q

Renal failure and erythropoietin

A

Renal failure decreases erythropoietin synthesis leading to anemia

54
Q

Location of calcitriol synthesis

A
  • The inactive 25-hydroxyvitamin D (Calcidiol) is synthesized in the skin and liver
  • Calcidiol is then taken up by proximal tubule cells hydroxylated to active calcitriol (1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D)
55
Q

Calcitriol is reabsorbed

A

from the proximal tubule into the blood stream

56
Q

Calcitriol function

A

increases Ca2+ reabsorption from the gut and from the renal tubules and inhibits PTH release

57
Q

Calcitriol synthesis pathway

58
Q

Renal regulation of body fluids: Out

A
  • Urine
  • Sweat
  • Feces
59
Q

Renal regulation of body fluids: In

A
  • Food
  • metabolism
60
Q

Renal regulation of body fluids

61
Q

Body fluid compartments

A
  • Intracellular compartment
  • Extracellular compartment
62
Q

Total body water compartmentalization

A

40% ICW

20% ECW

63
Q

Intracellular water % of body weight

A

40% of the body weight

64
Q

Extracellular water % of body weight

65
Q

Intracellular compartment water consists of?

A

Water inside cells

66
Q

Electrolyte composition of the intracellular compartment

A
  • High [K+]
  • Low [Na+] & [Ca2+]
67
Q

How does water move in the intracellular compartment

A
  • movement across cell membranes through channels and pumps
  • water moves freely in and out of cells
68
Q

Extracellular compartment electrolyte composition

A
  • Low [K+]
  • High [Na+] & [Ca2+]
69
Q

Extracellular compartment water consists of?

A

plasma and interstitial water

70
Q

Extracellular compartment movement of water

A
  • Relatively large changes in volume
  • water moves from the plasma to interstitium across capillaries (back in lymph)
71
Q

Electrolyte distribution in fluid compartments

72
Q

How to calculate compartment size

A

Dilution principle

73
Q

Substances used to estimate body compartment sizes

A
  • Total body water
  • Extracellular fluid
  • plasma
  • Intracellular fluid
  • Interstitial water
74
Q

TBW AKA

A

Total Body water

75
Q

ECF AKA

A

Extracellular fluid

76
Q

VP

A

Plasma volume

77
Q

ICF AKA

A

Intracellular fluid

78
Q

Vinst AKA

A

Interstitial water volume

79
Q

Vinst =

A

ECF - VP​

80
Q

ICF =

81
Q

VP =

A

Evans blue or 131I-albumin

82
Q

ECF =

A

Inulin or mannitol

83
Q

TBW =

A

Antipyrine

Titrated water (3H2O) or deuterium (D2O)

84
Q

The simplest and cheapest method for quickly assessing fluid balance

A

Body weight

85
Q

Plasma osmolarity =

A

2 x PNa + [glucose]/18 + BUN/2.8 = plasma osmolarity

86
Q

Considerations of estimating plasma osmolality

A
  • Protein is ignored since it usually contributes less than 1 mOsm
  • [glucose] is divided by 18 and BUN by 2.8 to convert from mg/dL to mmol/L
  • PNa is multiplied by 2 to account for the accompannying anion (usually Cl- or HCO3-)
  • 2 x PNa gives an estimate of plasma osmolality
  • (will give a low value if glucose, BUN or organic acids are elevated)
87
Q

Na intake alters?

A

ECF volume

88
Q

Osmosis description

A

Solvent moves towards high solute concentration from a lower solute concentration

89
Q

Osmosis solute considerations

A

Only non-permeant solute contributes to osmotic pressure

90
Q

Osmosis rate is dependent on?

A

osmotic gradient and permeability of the membrane

91
Q

What determines the final size of a compartment?

A

the amount of non-permeant solute in that compartment

92
Q

How is cell volume regulated?

A

Osmolality regulates cell volume

93
Q

Types of volume expansion

A
  • Isosmotic
  • Hyperosmotic
94
Q

Hyposmotic volume expansion

CVPR (93 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions