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CVPR > CVPR Week 2: CV system and Hemodynamics > Flashcards

CVPR Week 2: CV system and Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Objectives

A
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2
Q

Components of the Cardiovascular system

A
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3
Q

The circuitry of the cardiovascular system

A
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4
Q

Arteries carry…

A

blood from the heart to the capillaries

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5
Q

Veins carry…

A

blood from the capillaries back to the heart

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6
Q

Structural relationships of blood vessels

A
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7
Q

Large arteries properties

A
  • conduit vessels: conduct blood under high pressure to tissues
  • Highly elastic
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8
Q

Elastic recoil of arterial walls

A

Compliance = Δ volume

Δ pressure

Maintains relatively constant flow during the entire cardiac cycle

the arteries expand during systole and then recoil during diastole acting as a secondary pump to keep flow constant during diastole

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9
Q

Compliance equation

A

Compliance = Δ volume

Δ pressure

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10
Q

Elastic recoil of arterial walls: Rigid arteries

A

compliance would be 0

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11
Q

Compliant vs rigid flow: why is constant flow through the capillaries important?

A

rigid vs compliant arteries

constant flow is important because

  • to have constant perfusion to the tissues and nutrient/waste exchange
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12
Q

Small arteries and arterioles properties

A
  • large proportion of vascular smooth muscle
  • highly innervated (almost exclusively by the sympathetics)
  • “Resistance vessels”
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13
Q

Small arteries and arterioles AKA

A

Resistance vessels because they can provide the most resistance of any other segment

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14
Q

Properties of veins

A
  • conduct blood under low pressure back to the heart
  • thin walled
  • can contract because they have a little smooth muscle
  • sometimes they are innervated as well
  • “capacitance vessels” because they are a volume reservoir
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15
Q

Veins AKA

A

Capacitance vessels

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16
Q

Blood volume distribution

A

~2/3 in the veins

16% in arteries

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17
Q

How veins regulate blood volume distribution

A
  • veins constrict
  • can drive a venous return
  • usually doesn’t return to capillaries because of a small pressure gradient
  • ↑ Venous Return in response to sympathetic nerve activity to veins to constrict
  • An ↑ venous return results in ↑ cardiac output and ↑ Mean arterial blood pressure
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18
Q

An ↑ venous return results in

A

↑ cardiac output and ↑ Mean arterial blood pressure

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19
Q

pressure characteristics of the systemic circulation

A
  • The systemic mean arterial pressure is about 100 mmHg for just about every animal
  • The pulmonary mean arterial pressure is about 15 mmHg
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20
Q

The mean pulmonary arterial pressure is?

A

About 15 mmHg

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21
Q

The mean systemic arterial pressure is

A

about 100 mmHg for just about every animal

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22
Q

pulmonary pressure gradient

A

15 - 5 = 10 mmHg

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23
Q

Systemic pressure gradient

A

100 - 2 = 98 mmHg

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24
Q

Pulse Pressure equation

A

systolic - diastolic = pulse pressure

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25
Q

Why is there a reduction in pulsatility from the arteries to the capillaries and beyond?

A
  • Hydraulic filtering reduces pulse pressure gradients the farther out in the systemic circulation
  • this is important because the capillaries are not designed for high pressure
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26
Q

A scenario where pulse pressure might be elevated

A

↓ compliance would result in ↑ pulse pressure maybe from arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis

or

vasoconstriction increasing stroke volume from sympathetic stimulation

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27
Q

Atherosclerosis is a form of

A

Arteriosclerosis

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28
Q

Way to estimate MABP from an aphasic arterial pressure waveform

A

~MABP = Diastolic + 1/3(pulse pressure)

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29
Q

Largest pressure drop in the systemic circulation

A

comes in the arterioles or resistance arteries because they provide the highest resistance to flow across the systemic circulation

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30
Q

increase vasoconstriction causes

A

increased arterial pressure and reduced pressure thereafter like the hose kink

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31
Q

relationship between velocity of flow and cross-sectional area

A
  • inverse relationship
  • rivers wide slow flow
  • rivers narrow fast flow
32
Q

Velocity of flow equation

A

velocity = flow / area

33
Q

Summary of arteries, arterioles, veins, pulse pressure changes, velocity and blood-tissue exchange

A
34
Q

Determinants of vascular resistance

4 listed

A
35
Q

MABP equation

A

TPR x CO = MABP

36
Q

TPR AKA

A

Total peripheral resistance

37
Q

Vascular resistance equation

A
38
Q

Ways to get a change in pressure

A

increase in resistance or an increase in flow

39
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

a halving of the radius results in a 16-time increase to resistance because R^4

very small changes in radius can have a big impact on resistance

40
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A
  • a halving of the radius results in a 16-time increase to resistance because of r^4
  • very small changes in radius can have a big impact on resistance
41
Q

Vasoconstriction effects on vascular resistance

A

decrease in radius leads to increased resistance

42
Q

Vascular wall thickening effect on resistance

A
  • decrease in radius
  • increase in resistance
  • i.e. atherosclerosis, hypertrophy, hyperplasia of vascular smooth muscle, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, inflammation of vessels, some forms of pulmonary hypertension can get hyperplasia of endothelial cells (plexa formations)
43
Q

Causes of increase of blood viscosity

A
  • dehydration (higher concentration of RBCs and solutes)
  • polycythemia (tumor or high altitude)
44
Q

Polycythemia increases?

A

Vascular resistance

45
Q

Polycythemia negatives

A

more likely to clot and form microemboli which can form microthrombi

46
Q

Resistance in series

A
47
Q

Series and parallel resistances

A
48
Q

How to calculate parallel resistance and its effects

A

resistance in parallel add in reciprocals so the more parallel resistances the lower the resistance

49
Q

resistance to flow in the systemic system

A
  • resistance to flow in the capillaries is lower than in the arterioles
  • is counter-intuitive because an arteriole has a larger radius than a capillary and according to Poiseuille’s law
  • how you have to look overall resistance and because of the parallel resistances in the capillaries the resistance is lower
50
Q

The majority of vascular resistances are in?

A

Parallel with each other

51
Q

The benefits of parallel resistances in the vasculature

A
  • allows for greater flow with a smaller pressure gradient
  • flow through each vascular bed can be differentially regulated by adjusting local resistance
  • if the vessels were all in series than the pressure would be very high
52
Q

Laminar vs turbulent flow

A
  • Laminar flow has the highest velocity in the center and slower on the edges because of vessel wall friction
  • turbulent blood flow increases resistance
    *
53
Q

Turbulent flow normally occurs where?

A

where vessels bifurcate

54
Q

Turbulent flow can be predicted by?

A

Reynolds Number

55
Q

A high Reynolds number predicts?

A

Turbulent flow

56
Q

What is polycythemia???

A
57
Q

Turbulent flow increases when?

3 listed

A
  • Vessel diameter is large (such as in aorta)
  • Blood velocity is high (exercise, cardiac valve stenosis, partial occlusion)
  • Blood viscosity is very low (severe anemia)
58
Q

The sound caused by turbulent blood flow in the heart?

A

Heart murmur

59
Q

The sound caused by turbulent blood flow in a vessel?

A

Bruit

60
Q

Flow equations

A
61
Q

Flow in the context of blood is

A

Cardiac output

62
Q

Cardiac output equation

A
63
Q

Heart rate definition

A

beats/unit time (beats/min)

64
Q

Stroke volume definition

A

volume of blood ejected per beat (mL)

65
Q

How are vascular resistance and flow regulated in the body?

A

extrinsic (outside the vasculature) and intrinsic (inside the vasculature) regulatory mechanisms

66
Q

Summary

A
67
Q

The elasticity of large arteries allows for?

A

constant blood flow and pressure across the capillaries

68
Q

The site of greatest vascular resistance

A

arterioles

69
Q

What innervates the arterioles?

A

The SNS

70
Q

What part of the vascular system serves as a reservoir and mediate blood distribution?

A

The veins

71
Q

Are the veins innervated?

A

yes, by the SNS

72
Q

What can affect the pulse pressure

A

decrease in compliance or an increase in stroke volume

73
Q

How is nutrient/waste exchange maximized at the capillaries?

A
  • High cross-sectional area
  • low blood velocity
  • thin-walled capillaries
74
Q

Pressure equation

A

P = Q x R

75
Q

Causes of decrease of blood viscosity

A

fluid retention

anemia

76
Q

How is TPR determined?

4 listed

A

CVPR (93 decks)

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