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CVPR > Cardiovascular anatomy 2 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular anatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Wall tension equation

A

Wall tension = pressure x radius

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2
Q

Wall stress equation

A

Wall stress = pressure x radius / 2x wall thickness

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3
Q

Ejection fraction equation

A

EF = SV / EDV = (EDV - ESV) / EDV

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4
Q

What is LV ejection fraction an index of?

A

Left ventricular ejection fraction is an index of ventricular contractility

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5
Q

EF AKA

A

Ejection Fraction

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6
Q

EF in systolic HF

A

EF is decreased in systolic HF However, EF is normal in HF with preserved ejection fraction

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7
Q

Starling’s law

A

Force of contraction is proportional to end-diastolic length of cardiac muscle fiber (preload) The law states that the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood in the ventricles, before contraction (the end diastolic volume), when all other factors remain constant.

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8
Q

Factors that Increase contractility

A

Catecholeamines Positive ionotropes (e.g. digoxin)

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9
Q

Factors that decrease contractility

A

Loss of myocardium (e.g. MI) B-blockers (acutely) Non-dihydropyridine Ca channel blockers Dilated cardiomyopathy

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10
Q

Resistance equation

A

R = ΔP/Q = 8η x L / πr4

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11
Q

Flow equation

A

Q = ΔP/R

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12
Q

Pressure equation

A

ΔP = Q x R

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13
Q

Volumetric flow rate equation

A

Q = flow velocity (v) x cross-sectional area (A)

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14
Q

Resistance in series

A

R = R1 + R2 + R3 •••

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15
Q

Resistance in parallel

A

R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3•••

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16
Q

What vessels have the highest cross-sectional area?

A

Capillaries

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17
Q

What vessels have the lowest flow velocity?

A

Capillaries

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18
Q

How does the pressure gradient determine flow?

A

The pressure gradient drives flow from high to low pressure

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19
Q

What vessels have the account for the highest TPR?

A

Arterioles account for most of the TPR

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20
Q

What vessels contain the most blood volume?

A

Veins provide most of the blood storage capacity

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21
Q

What is the largest determinant of blood viscosity (η)?

A

Blood viscosity depends mostly on hematocrit

22
Q

What factors increase blood viscosity?

A

Polycythemia Viscosity is increased in hyperproteinemic states (e.g. multiple myeloma)

23
Q

What factors reduce blood viscosity?

A

Anemia

24
Q

Compliance equation

A

Compliance = ΔV/ΔP

25
Q

What is ionotropy?

A

Changes in contractility -> altered CO for a given RA pressure (preload)

26
Q

What is venous return?

A

Changes in circulating volume or venous tone -> altered RA pressure for a given CO Mean systemic pressure changes with volume/venous tone

27
Q

What is total peripheral resistance?

A

At a given mean systemic pressure and RA pressure, changes in TPR -> altered CO

28
Q

Factors that increase venous return

A

Fluid infusion Sympathetic activity

29
Q

Factors that decrease venous return

A

Acute hemorrhage Spinal anesthesia Nitroglycerin

30
Q

Vasopressors effect on TPR

A

Increase

31
Q

Exercise effect on TPR

A

Decreased

32
Q

AV shunt effect on TPR

A

Decreased

33
Q

Figures on cardiac and vascular function curves

A

Pg 281

34
Q

Pressure-volume loops and the cardiac cycle

A

Pg. 282

35
Q

S1 heart sound is caused by?

A

Mitral and tricuspid valve closure

36
Q

S1 heart sound is loudest at?

A

Mitral area

37
Q

S2 heart sound is caused by?

A

Aortic and pulmonary valve closure

38
Q

S2 heart sound is loudest?

A

Left upper sternal border

39
Q

S3 heart sound is caused by?

A

In early diastole during rapid ventricular filling phase and is associated with increased filling pressures (e.g. mitral regurgitation, HF) and more common in dilated ventricles (but can be normal in children, young adults and pregnant women)

40
Q

S3 heart sound is best heard?

A

Left-lateral decubitus with the bell side of the stethoscope at the apex of the heart along the 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line

41
Q

What phase of the cardiac-cycle has the highest O2 consumption?

A

Isovolumetric contraction

42
Q

Describe the isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle

A

Period between mitral valve closing and aortic valve opening, this is also the period of greatest O2 consumption

43
Q

Describe the systolic ejection phase of the cardiac cycle

A

Period between aortic valve opening and closing

44
Q

Describe the isovolumetric relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

A

Period between aortic valve closing and mitral valve opening

45
Q

Describe the rapid filling phase of the cardiac cycle

A

Period just after mitral valve reopening

46
Q

Describe the reduced filling phase of the cardiac cycle

A

Period just before mitral valve closing

47
Q

JVP AKA

A

Jugular venous pulse

48
Q

Describe the jugular venous pulse

A

A wave -> c wave -> x descent -> v wave -> y descent

49
Q

Describe the a-wave of the jugular venous pulse

A

Atrial contraction

50
Q

The a-wave of jugular venous pulse is absent in?

A

Atrial fibrillation

51
Q

Describe the c-wave of the jugular venous pulse

A

RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulging into the atrium)

52
Q

The x-descent of jugular venous pulse is absent in?

A

Reduced or absent in tricuspid regurgitation and right HF because pressure gradients are reduced

CVPR (93 decks)

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