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CVPR > CVPR Week 1: Thorax Overview > Flashcards

CVPR Week 1: Thorax Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Identify

A
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Identify

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3
Q

Identify

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4
Q

Describe thorax boundaries

A
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5
Q

Intercostal muscle location and function

A
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6
Q

The intercostal vein, artery, and nerve lie in the _________________ along the ___________ margin of the rib and pass between the ______________ muscles

A
  • costal groove
  • inferior margin
  • intercostal muscles
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7
Q

Local anesthesia of intercostal nerves is used in?

A

patients with chest trauma and patient undergoing surgical procedures

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8
Q

Identify

A
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9
Q

The diaphragm separates the _________ from the ___________.

A

Thorax from the abdomen

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10
Q

The major muscle of respiration

A

The diaphragm

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11
Q

Identify

A
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12
Q

Identify

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13
Q

Inferior vena cava route through the diaphragm

A

through the central tendon

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14
Q

Abdominal aorta route through the diaphragm

A

behind the crura

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15
Q

Azygous vein route through the diaphragm

A

behind the crura

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16
Q

Vagus nerves route through the diaphragm

A

through the muscular part

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17
Q

Esophagus route through the diaphragm

A

through the muscular part

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18
Q

Phrenic nerve route through the diaphragm

A

through the central tendon and does not pass

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19
Q

Why does the inferior vena cava cross the diaphragm in the way that it does?

A

through the central tendon so that is is not constricted when the diaphragm contracts

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20
Q

Why does the esophagusinferior vena cava cross the diaphragm in the way that it does?

A

through the right Crus (muscular part) act as a sphincter to help prevent reflux

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21
Q

Why does the aorta cross the diaphragm in the way that it does?

A

behind the diaphragm (between crura) so not constricted when the diaphragm contracts

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22
Q

Identify

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23
Q

Identify

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24
Q

The thoracic cavity is divided into?

A

The mediastinum and two pleural cavities

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25
Q

Pleura description

A

each lung is encased within a pleural sac formed by a continuous serous membrane called the pleura

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26
Q

Identify

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27
Q

Identify

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28
Q

Identify

A
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29
Q

Thoracentesis description

A

is the insertion of a needle or catheter into the pleural cavity to remove excess fluid (pleural effusion)

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30
Q

Intercostal nerve block Indication

A

rib contusion or fracture

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31
Q

Intercostal nerve block Why

A

cutaneous anesthesia (pain relief)

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32
Q

Intercostal nerve block where?

A

appropriate rib level as well as 2 ribs above & below

between posterior axillary and midaxillary lines (blocks intercostal nerve before the cutaneous branches)

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33
Q

Intercostal nerve block how?

A

inferior margin of rib

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34
Q

Intercostal nerve block what?

A

infiltration of an anesthetic into the intercostal space (ICS)

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35
Q

ICS AKA

A

Intercostal space

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36
Q

Thoracentesis Indictation

A

pleural effusion

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37
Q

Thoracentesis why

A

Drain fluid

diagnostic (small amount) or therapeutic (large amount)

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38
Q

Thoracentesis where?

A

1-2 ICS below the level of effusion

no lower than the 8th ICS (superior to the 9th rib)

Sitting upright (mid scapular line)

Supine (midaxillary line)

Lateral decubitus (lying on side) posterior axillary line

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39
Q

Thoracentesis How

A

Superior margin of rib

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40
Q

Thoracentesis what?

A

Insertion of a needle or catheter into the pleural cavity

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41
Q

Thoracentesis overview

A
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42
Q

Pleura innervation

A
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43
Q

Identify innervation

A
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44
Q

Question 1

A

E. Parietal pleura

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45
Q

Question 2

A

C. just below the inferior margin of a rib

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46
Q

The heart and roots of the great vessels are surrounded by the _____________ and are located in the _____________.

A
  • pericardial sac
  • middle mediastinum
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47
Q

Identify

A
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48
Q

Identify

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49
Q

The visceral pericardium reflects back to become __________ at the roots of the __________, forming the _______________.

A
  • parietal pericardium
  • great vessels
  • pericardial sinuses
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50
Q

Identify

A
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51
Q

Identify plane of view

A
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52
Q

How many chambers does the human heart have?

A

4

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53
Q

How many valves does the human heart have?

A
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54
Q

Identify

A
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55
Q

Describe the walls of ventricles

A

Ventricles have walls with muscular ridges called…

  • Trabeculae carneae
  • papillary muscles
  • Chordae tendineae
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56
Q

Describe the walls of atria

A

Atria have smooth and rigid walls with pectinate muscles

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57
Q

Identify

A
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58
Q

Papillary muscles description

A

The papillary muscles are specialized trabeculae carneae that have a free edge for attachment of the chordae tendineae

59
Q

Papillary muscles function

A

Together they keep the AV valves closed and prevent them from everting into the atrium upon ventricular contraction

60
Q

Identify

A
61
Q

Identify the plane of view

A
62
Q

left atrium pectinate muscles

A

in the left atrium, pectinate muscles are only found in the auricle

63
Q

Crista Terminalis description

A

In the right atrium, the crista terminalis separates the muscular part from the smooth part (sinus venarum)

64
Q

Coronary arteries description

A

the left and right coronary arteries branch off the ascending aorta to supply the heart muscle with blood

65
Q

Cardiac veins description

A

the cardiac veins drain blood from the heart muscle into the right atrium via the anterior cardiac veins or the coronary sinus

66
Q

% of the right dominant heart

A

85%

67
Q

% of left dominant heart

A

15%

68
Q

Right dominant heart description

A
69
Q

Left dominant heart description

A
70
Q

Question

A
71
Q

autonomic innervation of the heart

A

from the vagus nerves and T1-T4 levels of the sympathetic trunk

72
Q

heart sensory nerves path

A

travel back to the spinal cord with the sympathetics

73
Q

Referred pain description

A

occurs when sensory information comes to the spinal cord from one location but is interpreted by the CNS as coming from another location innervated by the same spinal cord level

74
Q

Referred Visceral pain example

A
  • Visceral afferents from the heart enter at the T1-T4 spinal cord segments (with sympathetic axons)
  • The pain is “felt” as coming from the chest and medial arm as somatic afferents from dermatomes also enter the spinal cord at that level
75
Q

Referred somatic pain example

A

The fibrous pericardium is innervated by the phrenic nerves thus pericardial “pain” is referred to the shoulder or neck dermatomes for C3, 4, 5 (also true for the mediastinal parietal pleura and diaphragm)

76
Q

Question

A
77
Q

Cardiac valves are divided into 2 groups

2 listed

A
  • Semilunar (aortic and pulmonary)
  • Atrioventricular valves
78
Q

The cardiac skeleton provides

A

mechanical stability and attachment for the cardiac muscles and valves

79
Q

Atrioventricular AKA

A

AV

80
Q

Identify

A
81
Q

Which valves are atrioventricular?

A
  • Mitral valve
  • Tricuspid valve
82
Q

How do semilunar valves function

A

Backflow closes the cusps of the aortic and pulmonary valves and in the aorta, fills the coronary arteries

83
Q

How are the coronary arteries filled?

A

the aortic valve’s semilunar cusps prevent backflow and fill the coronary arteries

84
Q

How are heart sounds produced

A

by the closure of the semilunar and AV valves are carried by blood flowing through the valve downstream (auscultation sites)

85
Q

Auscultation position for the aortic valve

A

right 2nd intercostal space at the sternal margin

86
Q

Auscultation position for the pulmonary valve

A

left 2nd intercostal space (at sternal margin)

87
Q

Auscultation position for the tricuspid valve

A

left 5th intercostal space (at the sternal margin)

88
Q

Auscultation position for the mitral valve

A

left 5th intercostal space (midclavicular line)

89
Q

Identify valves and auscultation locations

A
90
Q

Question

A
91
Q

The first part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

The nasal cavity

92
Q

Identify

A
93
Q

Identify

A
94
Q

Identify

A
95
Q

Identify

A
96
Q

Identify

A
97
Q

Identify

A
98
Q

Identify

A
99
Q

Identify

A
100
Q

Identify

A
101
Q

Identify

A
102
Q

Identify

A
103
Q

Larynx function

A

the larynx is a valve that closes the lower respiratory tract and an instrument to produce sound (voicebox)

104
Q

Larynx composition

A

the larynx is composed of cartilages connected by elastic ligaments whose movement affects the tension and position of the vocal ligaments

105
Q

Identify

A
106
Q

The laryngeal cartilages are moved by?

A

The laryngeal muscles

107
Q

the only laryngeal muscles that abduct (open) the vocal folds

A

posterior cricoarytenoids

108
Q

Identify

A
109
Q

Identify

A
110
Q

Identify

A
111
Q

Identify

A
112
Q

Identify

A
113
Q

Identify

A
114
Q

Identify

A
115
Q

Identify

A
116
Q

Identify function

A
117
Q

Identify function

A
118
Q

Identify function

A
119
Q

The ___________ provide motor and sensory innervation of the larynx

A

The vagus nerves

120
Q

The ___________ is motor to the cricothyroid and sensory to the mucosa above the vocal folds

A

Superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve

121
Q

Superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve function

A

motor to the cricothyroid and sensory to the mucosa above the vocal folds

122
Q

The _________ is motor to all muscles except the cricothyroid and sensory to the mucosa below the vocal folds

A

Recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve

123
Q

Recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve function

A

provides motor to all muscles except the cricothyroid and sensory to the mucosa below the vocal folds

124
Q

Identify

A
125
Q

Question

A
126
Q

Trachea structure

A
  • The trachea is a flexible tube composed of C shaped cartilages closed posteriorly by smooth muscle
  • The trachea bifurcates into a right and left main (primary) bronchus that divides into lobar (secondary) bronchi that divide into segmental (tertiary bronchi)
127
Q

Identify

A
128
Q

Blood supply of the tracheobronchial tree

A

receives its blood supply from the bronchial arteries

129
Q

Identify

A
130
Q

Question

A
131
Q

The right main bronchus is ____ and more _________ than the left main bronchus so aspirated material is more likely to be found there

A
  • wider
  • more vertical
132
Q

Identify

A
133
Q

Identify

A
134
Q
A
135
Q

Identify

A
136
Q

Each segmental bronchus and branch of the pulmonary artery supply?

A

divisions within the lobes called bronchopulmonary segments

137
Q

describe segmentectomy

A
138
Q

describe lobectomy

A
139
Q

describe pneumonectomy

A
140
Q

Identify

A
141
Q

Autonomic innervation of the tracheobronchial tree

A
142
Q

Question

A
143
Q

Overview

A

CVPR (93 decks)

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