Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > CHapter 6- Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

CHapter 6- Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbial cells must always do 2 things

A

synthesize new parts (cell walls , ribosomes, nucleic acids) and harvest/convert energy to power reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sum total of all enzymatic chemical reactions in cell/ living organisms to maintain life

A

metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Synthesizing new parts & harvesting energy to power reactions

A

metabolism, cells must do this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

process that degrades compounds (glucose) to release energy; cell use the energy to synthesize ATP

A

Catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

harvest the energy released during the breakdown of compounds and use it to make ATP

A

Catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is produced from catabolic processes?

A

Precursor metabolites/ waste products (acids, carbon dioxide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

compounds produced during catabolism that can either be further degraded or used in anabolism to make subunits of macromolecules

A

precursor metabolites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

chemical reactions that synthesize and assemble subunits of macromolecules, using ATP for energy

A

anabolism/biosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

________ processes produce ATP , _______ use ATP

A

catabolic ; anabolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

capacity to do work;

A

energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

kinetic energy

A

moving energy; energy of motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

photosynthetic organisms harvest energy from?

A

sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

obtain energy from organic compounds

A

Chemoorganotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

energy available to do work; energy released when bond is broken

A

free energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

reaction that releases energy bc reactants have more free energy than products

A

exergonic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

reaction that requires energy bc products have more free energy than reactants

A

endergonic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

energy released from ______ reactions drives _________ reaction. energy released from ________ processes drives _________ processes.

A

exergonic/endergonic; catabolic/ anabolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

series of chemical reactions that converts starting compounds to end products

A

metabolic pathways (can be linear, branched,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why are enzymes important to metabolic pathways?

A

Without enzymes, energy yielding reactions would occur too slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Role of enzymes in reactions

A

enzymes speed up conversion of substrates into product by lowering activation energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

substance which enzymes acts/performs on to perform products

A

substrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

initial energy required to break chemical bond

A

activation energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

biological catalysts that increase rate of reaction by lowering activation energy

A

enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

enzyme characteristics

A

highly specific for substrates, cannot be changed by reactions and are reusable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

site on enzyme where substrate binds by weak forces;

A

active site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

binding of substrate to active site that causes slight change of enzyme shape so bonds get destabilized and new ones can form

A

enzyme substrate complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

assistance of an attached non protein component required by some enzymes

A

cofactor (Mg, Zi, Cu + trace elements)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

assistance of a loosely bound non protein ORGANIC compound that help enzymes transfer molecules/electrons; derived from vitamins

A

coenzymes (FAD, NAD+, NADP+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

energy currency of cell

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How do cells use energy to make ATP?

A

by adding and inorganic phosphate to ADP to yield ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How do cells release energy from ATP?

A

from removing inorganic phosphate from ATP to yield ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Processes chemoorganotrophs use to make ATP

A

substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

chemical addition of a phosphoryl group to an organic compound

A

phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

phosphorylation where energy generated in exergonic reactions

A

substrate level

36
Q

phosphorylation where energy generated by proton level force

A

oxidative

37
Q

substance that lose electrons is

A

oxidized

38
Q

substances that gain electrons

A

reduced

39
Q

electron equivalent to

A

hydrogen bc hydrogen has 1 electron

40
Q

lost of a hydrogen (dehydrogenation)

A

oxidized

41
Q

gain of a hydrogen (hydrogenation)

A

reduction

42
Q

role of electron/hydrogen carriers

A

reduced form of these carriers represent reducing power that drives ATP synthesis

43
Q

shuttles electrons: readily accept and donate electrons

A

electron carriers

44
Q

Reduced electron carriers that represent reducing power (NADH, NADPH)

A

bc they can easily transfer electron to molecule with a higher affinity for electrons

45
Q

Catabolism examples

A

Glycolysis, Pentose phosphate pathway, Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle “Krebs Cycle”

46
Q

Splits glucsoe into 2 pyruvate molecules; produces moderate ATP, precursor metabolites, reducing power

A

Glycolysis

47
Q

primarily produces precursor metabolite, NADPH

A

Pentose Phosphate

48
Q

metabolic intermediates (from catabolic processes) that can be either used (in anabolic pathways) to make the subunits of macromolecules or oxidized to generate ATP.

A

precursor metabolites (carbon skeletons)

49
Q

transfers electrons from glucose to electron transport chain

A

Respiration

50
Q

this generates proton motive force

A

electron transport chain

51
Q

uses Electron Transport Chain & oxygen as terminal electron acceptor; produces most ATP

A

aerobic respiration

52
Q

uses ETC, uses molecule other than oxygen as electron acceptor, amount of ATP produced varies

A

Anaerobic respiration

53
Q

If cells cannot respire, glycolysis

A

will stop

54
Q

does not use ETC or Krebs Cycle, uses pyruvate or another derivatives as electron acceptor, produces just 2 ATP (small amounts)

A

fermentation

55
Q

Fermentation and respiration both begin with this same step

A

Glycolysis

56
Q

two stages of glycolysis

A

prep stage (energizes glucose) and pay off stage (uses glucose to make ATP)

57
Q

has specific nutritional requirements to grow; requires things other than glucose to grow; may require precursor metabolites

A

fastidious organism

58
Q

only requires glucose for growth

A

non fastidious organism (ex: E. coli)

59
Q

______ produces more ATP than _____

A

respiration; fermentation

60
Q

Prep Stage of glycolysis

A

Glucose is energized, then split into 2 G3Ps (both phosphorylated). This stage results in the making of 2 G3Ps by using 2 ATPs

61
Q

In prep stage, you have to ________________ so you get back nothing

A

spend money, to make money

62
Q

How does cell make energy from glycolysis?

A

recycles ATP

63
Q

When ATP is used by the cell to do work, the result is

A

ADP and an inorganic phosphate

64
Q

What does cell do with harvested inorganic phosphate?

A

It is added to the two G3Ps

65
Q

How is inorganic phosphate added to the G3P molecules?

A

An enzyme will remove a hydrogen (H+) atom from G3P to clear a spot for inorganic phosphate to be added (enzyme oxidizes G3P) …. H atom is added to NAD+ ——> forming NADH (reduced)

66
Q

What must be in constant supply for glycolysis to continue?

A

NAD+

67
Q

The same enzyme that oxidizes G3P for a spot for inorganic phosphate to be added is

A

the same enzyme that reduced NAD+ to form NADH so the phosphate can be added to the G3P; Both G3Ps end up with 2 phosphates each and cell can harvest 4 ATPS

68
Q

Pay Off Stage

A

EACH G3Ps oxidized by NAD+ and inorganic phosphates added each making 1/3 bisphos, each have 2 phosphates transferred to 2ADP making 2ATPs, what remains after each 2 ATPs created is waste product (pyruvate acid)

69
Q

Glycolysis results - USED

A

1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2 inorganic Phosphates, 2 NAD+

70
Q

Glycolysis results- Products

A

4 ATP, 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH (Net is 2 ATP bc 2ATP were used to make 4 ATP)

71
Q

Cells reduced NADH back to NAD+ by (because NAD+ needs to be recycled as it is needed for glycolysis to keep going)

A

cellular respiration and fermentation

72
Q

Produces large amount of ATP via Electron Transfer Chain

A

Cellular Respiration

73
Q

membrane embedded electron carriers that pass electrons back and forth creating proton motive force

A

electron transport chain

74
Q

ETC causes

A

gradient of H atoms where H concentration is higher outside of membrane than inside

75
Q

Gradient of H+ atoms will want to flow back, but cannot bc it is being blocked by

A

a SEMI permeable MEMBRANE

76
Q

What keeps gradient stable with High conc of H outside membrane and low H conc inside?

A

The Hydrogen pumped into membrane combine w oxygen and created water so it does not participate with the pumping

77
Q

This enzyme uses energy of proton motive force to synthesize ATP

A

ATP Synthase

78
Q

Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative Phosphorylation) produces

A

36 ATPs per glucose molecule

79
Q

NADH adds H to Pyruvic Acid directly resulting in pyruvic acid turning into

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation

80
Q

Pyruvate Acid loses CO2, then NADH adds H to CHO resulting in

A

alcohol fermentation

81
Q

ETC found in ______ in prokaryotes and _______ eukaryotes

A

plasma membrane; mitochondrial inner membrane

82
Q

Can glycolysis be ran by things other than glucose?

A

Yes

83
Q

Energy being made from flow of hydrogen

A

in ETC

84
Q

lessens the amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur (lowers activation energy)

A

enzyme

85
Q

many cell reactions are _______ and need enzymes

A

endergonic

Microbiology (42 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions