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Microbiology > Chapter 3- Prokaryotic Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Prokaryotic Cell Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotic cytoplasmic/ cell membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer embedded w/ proteins that serve many functions; selectively permeable & the few compounds that pass do via simple diffusion

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2
Q

Converting the energy of food/sunlight into ATP takes place where in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Cell Membrane- play important role in energy transformation

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3
Q

a form of passive transport that does not require energy and moves substance down a concentration gradient (high to low concentrations)

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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4
Q

moves substances against concentration gradient and requires ATP/energy (from low to high concentration/ upstream) mainly used by prokaryotes

A

Active Transport

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5
Q

strong, mesh like macromolecule that provides strength and rigidity to cell wall and only found in bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan

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6
Q

These prokaryotic cell walls contain a layer of peptidoglycan and their structural arrangement distinguishes two main groups of bacteria

A

Gram Negative (thin) Gram Postive (Thick)

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7
Q

Peptidoglycan is exclusive to

A

Bacteria only

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8
Q

Peptidoglycan contains

A

alternating subunits of NAM and NAG that are closely related to glucose

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9
Q

Gram Positive Cell Wall (Positively THICK WIDDDIT)

A

thick layer of peptidoglycan w/ many interconnected glycan chains; within peptidoglycan are TEICHOIC ACIDS that project out of the peptidoglycan

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10
Q

Teichoic Acids role in Gram Positive Cells

A

negatively charged chains where various sugars attach

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11
Q

Gram Negative Cell Wall (To be too THIN is Negative)

A

thin layer of peptidoglycan where periplasm fills space between peptidoglycan and outer membrane

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12
Q

Outer Membrane of Gram NEGATIVE cell

A

made up of Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) which is an endotoxin bc it can alert the body if it has been exposed to gram negative bacteria (significant amount of LPS can be deadly)

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13
Q

responsible for gram staining after trying to identify cause of pneumonia and bacterias stained unequally

A

Dr. Christian Gram

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14
Q

Purpose of gram staining

A

to identify two major groups of bacteria according to cell wall struture/chemistry

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15
Q

Prokaryotic cells (bacteria/archaea)

A

small size, allows rapid growth, rapid uptake of nutrients, prone to predators & competitors

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16
Q

Eukarya (Protozoa, Fungi, Algae)

A

have nucleus, large, have membrane bound organelles

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17
Q

How do most prokaryotes divide?

A

By Binary Fission, and usually stick together following division

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18
Q

Example of bacteria that lacks a cell wall bc it contains sterols (only SOME lack cell wall)

A

Mycoplasma; not affected by penicillin or lysozymes

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19
Q

Cell envelope of prokaryotes incluse

A

plasma membrane, cell wall and capsule (if present)

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20
Q

Within cell envelope, there is cytoplasm, which houses

A

the nucleoid

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21
Q

Nucleoid

A

Gel like region that contains the cell’s DNA/ chromosomes (not membrane bound)

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22
Q

Prokaryotic cells contain

A

Cell envelope (tree parts), Cytoplasm, Nucleoid, Other appendages that help with motility and ability to attach to other

23
Q

Cytoplasmic Membrane Structure

A

Phospholipid bilayer w/ Hydrophilic Head Hydrophobic tail

24
Q

What can pass freely through plasma membrane of a prokaryote cell?

A

Small hydrophobic substances, O2 , CO2 , N2, water (w/ aquaporins);

25
Q

Movement from HIGH to LOW concentrations

A

Simple diffusion

26
Q

Net movement of water through semi permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

27
Q

Water flows from ________ to ________ solution

A

hypotonic ; hypertonic

28
Q

No net water movement occurs in this solution

A

Isotonic

29
Q

HYPO

A

less

30
Q

HYPER

A

More

31
Q

TONIC

A

solute

32
Q

Water moves towards _______ solution

A

Hypertonic (high solute)

33
Q

A cell will shrink in a ________ solution (get small when the crowd is hype)

A

Hypertonic

34
Q

A cell will swell in a __________ solution

A

hypotonic

35
Q

Cell Wall made up of

A

Peptidoglycan

36
Q

Lipopolysaccharides (an endotoxin)

A

found in Gram Negative Cell walls; help the bacteria survive in guts of animals; can detect presence of Gram Negative bacteria in humans

37
Q

Interference with peptidoglycan

A

can weaken cell wall & cause cell to burts

38
Q

What (substances) interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis?

A

Penicillin; Lysozymes as they break bonds linking glycan chains; more effective on Gram Positive Cell walls as they have thick layer of peptidoglycan

39
Q

Acid fast bacterias

A

resist decolorization by acids in staining procedures due to wax like nature of mycolic acid cell wall

40
Q

Cell walls of archaea are various and do not contain

A

peptidoglycan

41
Q

gel like layers outside cell wall that protects or allows attachments

A

capsules (gel like) / slime layers (irregular/diffused)

42
Q

Capsules and slime layers can allow cells to grow _______ and help bacteria do what?

A

Biofilm; evade host’s immune system

43
Q

This glycocaly TIGHTLY bound to cell wall helps cells act as pathogens and protects cells against phagocytosis by host

A

Capsule

44
Q

This glycocalyx is LOOSELY attached to cell wall and important component of biofilms (slimes mad loose)

A

Slime Layer

45
Q

Prokaryotic Appendages that provide motility & attachments

A

Fimbriae, Pili, Flagela

46
Q

Flagella involved in ______; and allows cell to

A

MOTILITY; move on its own

47
Q

Flagella Types (peri, mono, amphi, lopho)

A

Peritrichous (all over cell) ; Polar (mono- at one end) (amphi (at both ends); lopho (tuft of hair at ONE end)

48
Q

Motility of bacterium to move toward favorable and away from unfavorable conditions is a process called (thumbs up to hail this)

A

Taxis (Multiple types)

49
Q

When bacterias sense chemicals and move accordingly

A

CHEMOtaxis

50
Q

Used for attachment rather than movement; allows cells to adhere to body surfaces; shorter, can occur in bunch

A

fimbriae

51
Q

used for motility and transfer of DNA; longer and fewer; gliding movements; makes power strokes; DNA transfer (conjugation)

A

Pili

52
Q

chromosomes form this gel like structure; has single circular double stranded DNA

A

nucleoid

53
Q

small, structures that do not encode DNA, and antibiotic resistance can spread this way

A

Plasmids

54
Q

dormant, extremely resistant type of cell produced by bacteria found everywhere. Can germinates to become vegetative & multiply

A

Endospores

Microbiology (42 decks)

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