Chap 7- Gene Expression of Bacteria Flashcards

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1
Q

What does “expression” of DNA in Bacteria mean?

A

the formation of a functional product of DNA

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2
Q

process where info encoded in DNA is copied into RNA

A

transcription

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3
Q

complete set of genetic info in a cell/ virus

A

genome/ chromosome

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4
Q

functional unit of GENOME that encodes for a product (product is typically a protein)

A

gene

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5
Q

In order for cells to multiply, two things must be accomplished: ______

A

DNA replication and gene expression (transcription & translation)

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6
Q

Transcribing and then translating the information in DNA to produce the encoded protein

A

gene expression

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7
Q

process where info carried by mRNA is used to synthesize protein

A

translation

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8
Q

enzyme that synthesizes single strand of RNA from DNA template

A

RNA Polymerase

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9
Q

RNA made during transcription is _______ and __________ to its DNA template

A

complementary and antiparallel

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10
Q

Minus strand of DNA is the _________ for RNA , while RNA is complementary to the ______ of DNA

A

template; plus (Thymine is replaced by Uracil)

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11
Q

RNA transcript that carries one gene; mRNA molecule that carries the information for more than one gene.

A

monocistronic; polycistronic …. cistron = gene

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12
Q

Nucleotide sequence where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription.

A

promoter

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13
Q

DNA sequence that stops transcription

A

terminator

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14
Q

RNA Polymerase can only add nucleotides to what end and synthesize RNA in what direction?

A

3prime end; 5’ to 3’

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15
Q

Do RNA polymerases need primers to start working?

A

NOPE

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16
Q

part of RNA polymerase that recognizes and binds to promoters

A

sigma factor

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17
Q

When does transcription start?

A

Once RNA polymerase binds to a promoter

18
Q

Why is it important that a cell can produce various sigma factors?

A

The various sigma factors recognize different promoters, allowing cells to transcribe specialized sets of genes as needed

19
Q

How does RNA polymerase recognize promoters in Eukarya and archaea?

A

Transcription factors

20
Q

Orientation (position of promoter) dictates

A

direction of RNA transcription and which DNA strand will be used as template (RNA needs to be transcribed in the 5’ to 3’ direction)

21
Q

Transcription simplified (initiation, elongation, termination)

A

RNA Pol binds to promoter to start transcription –>sigma factor dips and allows RNA Pol to transcribe –> RNA synthesized in 5’ to 3’ direction, adding nucleotides to 3’ end —->Once RNA Pol reaches terminator, it falls off and releases the newly synthesized RNA strand

22
Q

process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA template (turning nucleic acids to amino acids)

A

translation

23
Q

RNA molecule that contains genetic info decoded during translation

A

mRNA

24
Q

language of mRNA is in the form of

A

codons

25
Q

series of 3 nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid

A

codon

26
Q

sequence of three nucleotides in a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon in mRNA.

A

anticodon

27
Q

complementary anticodon is carried by

A

tRNA

28
Q

there are _____ possible codon combos but only _____ amino acids

A

64; 20

29
Q

redundant codons that code for same amino acids

A

degenerates

30
Q

can be translated and code for Amino Acids

A

sense codons

31
Q

Translation of mRNA begins at ______ codon , which is

A

start; AUG

32
Q

Translation ends at nonsense codons aka _____ which are ; DO NOT encode for amino acid

A

stop codons; UAA, UAG, UGA

33
Q

structure where translation takes place; composed of rRNA and proteins

A

ribosome

34
Q

Roles of ribosomes in translation

A

locate sequences on mRNA molecule; maintains correct reading frame

35
Q

Role of tRNA in translation

A

delivers correct A.A , has specific anticodon to pair with specific codon, can be recycled once anticodon+A.A is delivered

36
Q

Translation Process- Initiation

A

Ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA ; initator tRNA binds to start codon (AUG)

37
Q

Translation Process- Elongation

A

tRNA enters with Amino acid, reads codon and pairs its complementary anticodon. ribosome facilitates this pairing and moves along the mRNA as the tRNAs read for codons tRNA then leaves and cycle is repeated while Amino Acids are held together by peptide bonds in a growing polypeptide chain

38
Q

Translation Process- Termination

A

Elongation process continues ribosome reaches STOP codons that CANNOT BE READ by tRNA; component disassembles and release newly formed polypeptide

39
Q

How is termination conducted in translation?

A

Enzymes free newly composed polypeptide chain by breaking the covalent bond with the tRNA. Ribosome falls off mRNA and splits back into 30S and 50S which can later be reused to start translation at other sites

40
Q

EPA sites (located on ribosome)

A

1st binding site (A- acceptors) accept tRNA , 2nd binding site (P-Peptide) holds tRNA, 3rd E site (E-Exit) tRNA leaves ribosome