Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is an atom?
basic unit of matter composed of electrons, protons, neutrons
Negative charged component of atom
Electron
Positively charged component of atom
Proton
UNcharged component of atom found in nucleus
Neutron
How are atoms distinguished?
By atomic #
What makes up the atomic #?
of protons in nucleus of atom
What makes up mass #?
of protons and neutrons in nucleus of atom
These are located within nucleus of element
protons and neutron
Located outside nucleus of an element
Electrons
What determines chemical reactivity of an atom?
Electrons, mainly the valence electrons on outer shell
Form of SAME ELEMENT that DIFFERS in number of NEUTRONS
Isotope
If an atom/molecule has gained or lost electron it is
an ION
atoms that LOSE an electron & become positively charged (Ive lost my black cat, i guess thats a positive)
CATION
atoms that GAIN electron & become NEGATIVELY charged ( gain weight and you’ll feel negative)
ANION
Chemical bonds between + & - charged atoms;
Ionic Bond
chemical bond formed when atoms share one or more pair of electrons (CODEPENDENCY BONDS)
COVALENT BONDS
Organic compounds BASICALLY are molecules that
Contain both CARBON AND HYDROGEN atoms (which be covalently bonded anyways) & if they dont contain both, theyre IN organic
formed when atoms have an EQUALLY share electrons (equally share a pair) … TEAM 50/50
NON Polar Covalent
formed when atoms have an unequal share of electrons (1 atoms is more electroneagtive) (UNEQUALLY share a pair)
Polar Covalent Bonds
Hydrogen bonds are
WEAK bonds formed when a H atom is covalently bonded to an O or N atom and is attracted to another O or N in another molecule
of moles of solute dissolved in 1L of solution
MOLARITY of a solutuion
1 or more substances converted from reactants to products in
Chemical Reactions
Catalysts that speeds up chemical reactions
Enzymes
Chemical reactions where reactant becomes reduced and another oxidized (one loses, one gains)
RE DOX Reactions
Moles are typically measured in?
Grams
1 Mole =
6.022 x 10^23 particles
A mole of X is =
a mole of Y
Synthesis Reactions combine
2 or more reactants
Synthesis Reaction example
A+B —–> AB
Decompostions Reactions
split reactant into 1 or more products
Decomposition Reaction Example
AB ——–> A+B
Exchange Reactions combine synthesis & decomp reactions
1 bond is broken, 1 bond is formed
Exchange reactions example
AB+C ——-> AC+B or AB +CD —–> AC+BD
anything that takes up space and has mass
Matter
3 forms of matter all composed of atoms
Solid , liquid, gas
amount of material in matter
Mass/ synonymous to weight on Earth
Rule where atom is most stable when their outermost shell has 8 electrons
Octet Rule
Innermost electron shell contains max of _____ electrons?
Two
What controls an atoms chemical reactivity?
Valence electrons/ # of electrons in outermost shell
takes into account naturally occurring differences in the mass number of isotopes ; found by the average mass of isotopes of an element
atomic mass
atoms form molecules by producing
chemical bonds
organic compounds are primarily composed of
carbon
distinct chemical arrangement that contributes to the property of a molecule; responsible for most of chemical properties
functional group
WHat is the basic unit of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
Carbohydrates functions
energy source, energy storage, carbon source, component of DNA and RNA, structural component of cells
Carbohydrates consists of elements
C, H, and O with ratio of 1:2:1
Examples of 5 carbon sugars
Ribose, Deoxyribose
6 carbon sugars
Galactose, Glucose, Mannose, Fructose
Two monosaccharides form
Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
chains of monosaccharides
polysaccharides
Primary components of cell membranes
Lipids, also composed of C, H, & O
Lipid Characterisitics
Non polar; Insoluble in water
Simple lipid examples
Fatty Acids & Triglycerides
Contains carboxyl group (-COOH) & hydrocarbon tail; can either be saturated or unsaturated
Fatty Acids
NO double bonds in hydrocarbon tail
Saturated Fatty Acid
Double bonds present in hydrocarbon tail
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Most plentiful lipid that provides protection, insulation and energy storage
Triglycerides
Complex lipids contain this in addition to the C, H, O & is most important to cell membrane
P, N, and S
4 ringed lipids important to cell membrane structure and act as hormones important for homeostasis and metabolism
Steroids
Amino acids are _______ and contain _______
building blocks of protein ; carboxyl group and one amino group + unique side chain (R Group)
How are proteins formed?
Peptide bonds, when amino acids are covalently bonded
Bond formed when carboxyl group (-COOH) of first amino acid is covalently bonded to the amino group (-NH2) of next amino acid
Peptide Bond
Chemical reaction responsible for the formation of peptide bond where water is released and peptide bond is formed where water was removed
Dehydration synthesis
chemical reaction responsible for the breaking of a peptide bonds by adding water to where peptide bond was formed
Hydrolysis
(protein) SHAPE DETERMINES
FUNCTION
amino acid sequence in polypeptide, genetically determined, this structure determines final shape of protein making it responsible for its properties
Primary structure (of proteins)
localized & repetitive coiling/ folding of protein that form due to weak hydrogen bonds between carboxyl and amino groups of amino acids along the chain
secondary structure (of proteins)
non localized, non repetitive folding overall 3 dimensional shape of polypeptides that result from interactions of the side chains (R groups)
tertiary structure
Formation of two or more polypeptide chains
Quaternary Structure
proteins can act as
enzymes
Specificity of an enzyme determined by?
Three dimensional folding of protein creating active site on the enzyme
Area of protein where chemical reaction takes place
active site
Substance in which enzyme acts on
substrate
Carries genetic info
Nucleic Acids
Subunits of nucleic acids
nucleotides
Nucleic acid examples
DNA & RNA
Nucleotide consists of
Nitrogen containing Base (A,T,G, C. U), a PENTOSE SUGAR, DNA (deoxyribose) or RNA (ribose sugar), Phosphate group
DNA features
Double helix, Deoxyribose sugar, & 4 nucleotides(Adenine =Thymine, Guanine=-Cytosine)
Nucleotides of DNA are hydrogen bonded resulting in base pairs of
Adenine (2 hyrdogen bonds) to Thymine , Guanine 3 hydrogen bonds to Cytosine
DNA strands and their bases pairing make them
complementary to one another
RNA characteristics
Single Stranded, Ribose Sugar, 4 Bases (Adenosine: Uracil / Guanine: Cytosine)
RNA’s role (does not carry genetic info)
decodes information in DNA to assemble amino acid sequence to build proteins
single stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to one strand of DNA that acts as a template for protein synthesis
mRNA (messenger)
non coding RNA molecule that is primary component of ribosome, which catalyze protein synthesis
r RNA (ribosomal)
Decodes specific codon of mRNA to transfer specific amino acid to the end of a chain in the ribosome
t RNA (transfer)
