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Microbiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an atom?

A

basic unit of matter composed of electrons, protons, neutrons

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2
Q

Negative charged component of atom

A

Electron

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3
Q

Positively charged component of atom

A

Proton

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4
Q

UNcharged component of atom found in nucleus

A

Neutron

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5
Q

How are atoms distinguished?

A

By atomic #

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6
Q

What makes up the atomic #?

A

of protons in nucleus of atom

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7
Q

What makes up mass #?

A

of protons and neutrons in nucleus of atom

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8
Q

These are located within nucleus of element

A

protons and neutron

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9
Q

Located outside nucleus of an element

A

Electrons

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10
Q

What determines chemical reactivity of an atom?

A

Electrons, mainly the valence electrons on outer shell

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11
Q

Form of SAME ELEMENT that DIFFERS in number of NEUTRONS

A

Isotope

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12
Q

If an atom/molecule has gained or lost electron it is

A

an ION

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13
Q

atoms that LOSE an electron & become positively charged (Ive lost my black cat, i guess thats a positive)

A

CATION

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14
Q

atoms that GAIN electron & become NEGATIVELY charged ( gain weight and you’ll feel negative)

A

ANION

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15
Q

Chemical bonds between + & - charged atoms;

A

Ionic Bond

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16
Q

chemical bond formed when atoms share one or more pair of electrons (CODEPENDENCY BONDS)

A

COVALENT BONDS

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17
Q

Organic compounds BASICALLY are molecules that

A

Contain both CARBON AND HYDROGEN atoms (which be covalently bonded anyways) & if they dont contain both, theyre IN organic

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18
Q

formed when atoms have an EQUALLY share electrons (equally share a pair) … TEAM 50/50

A

NON Polar Covalent

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19
Q

formed when atoms have an unequal share of electrons (1 atoms is more electroneagtive) (UNEQUALLY share a pair)

A

Polar Covalent Bonds

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20
Q

Hydrogen bonds are

A

WEAK bonds formed when a H atom is covalently bonded to an O or N atom and is attracted to another O or N in another molecule

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21
Q

of moles of solute dissolved in 1L of solution

A

MOLARITY of a solutuion

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22
Q

1 or more substances converted from reactants to products in

A

Chemical Reactions

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23
Q

Catalysts that speeds up chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

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24
Q

Chemical reactions where reactant becomes reduced and another oxidized (one loses, one gains)

A

RE DOX Reactions

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25
Q

Moles are typically measured in?

A

Grams

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26
Q

1 Mole =

A

6.022 x 10^23 particles

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27
Q

A mole of X is =

A

a mole of Y

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28
Q

Synthesis Reactions combine

A

2 or more reactants

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29
Q

Synthesis Reaction example

A

A+B —–> AB

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30
Q

Decompostions Reactions

A

split reactant into 1 or more products

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31
Q

Decomposition Reaction Example

A

AB ——–> A+B

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32
Q

Exchange Reactions combine synthesis & decomp reactions

A

1 bond is broken, 1 bond is formed

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33
Q

Exchange reactions example

A

AB+C ——-> AC+B or AB +CD —–> AC+BD

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34
Q

anything that takes up space and has mass

A

Matter

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35
Q

3 forms of matter all composed of atoms

A

Solid , liquid, gas

36
Q

amount of material in matter

A

Mass/ synonymous to weight on Earth

37
Q

Rule where atom is most stable when their outermost shell has 8 electrons

A

Octet Rule

38
Q

Innermost electron shell contains max of _____ electrons?

A

Two

39
Q

What controls an atoms chemical reactivity?

A

Valence electrons/ # of electrons in outermost shell

40
Q

takes into account naturally occurring differences in the mass number of isotopes ; found by the average mass of isotopes of an element

A

atomic mass

41
Q

atoms form molecules by producing

A

chemical bonds

42
Q

organic compounds are primarily composed of

A

carbon

43
Q

distinct chemical arrangement that contributes to the property of a molecule; responsible for most of chemical properties

A

functional group

44
Q

WHat is the basic unit of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

45
Q

Carbohydrates functions

A

energy source, energy storage, carbon source, component of DNA and RNA, structural component of cells

46
Q

Carbohydrates consists of elements

A

C, H, and O with ratio of 1:2:1

47
Q

Examples of 5 carbon sugars

A

Ribose, Deoxyribose

48
Q

6 carbon sugars

A

Galactose, Glucose, Mannose, Fructose

49
Q

Two monosaccharides form

A

Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)

50
Q

chains of monosaccharides

A

polysaccharides

51
Q

Primary components of cell membranes

A

Lipids, also composed of C, H, & O

52
Q

Lipid Characterisitics

A

Non polar; Insoluble in water

53
Q

Simple lipid examples

A

Fatty Acids & Triglycerides

54
Q

Contains carboxyl group (-COOH) & hydrocarbon tail; can either be saturated or unsaturated

A

Fatty Acids

55
Q

NO double bonds in hydrocarbon tail

A

Saturated Fatty Acid

56
Q

Double bonds present in hydrocarbon tail

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

57
Q

Most plentiful lipid that provides protection, insulation and energy storage

A

Triglycerides

58
Q

Complex lipids contain this in addition to the C, H, O & is most important to cell membrane

A

P, N, and S

59
Q

4 ringed lipids important to cell membrane structure and act as hormones important for homeostasis and metabolism

A

Steroids

60
Q

Amino acids are _______ and contain _______

A

building blocks of protein ; carboxyl group and one amino group + unique side chain (R Group)

61
Q

How are proteins formed?

A

Peptide bonds, when amino acids are covalently bonded

62
Q

Bond formed when carboxyl group (-COOH) of first amino acid is covalently bonded to the amino group (-NH2) of next amino acid

A

Peptide Bond

63
Q

Chemical reaction responsible for the formation of peptide bond where water is released and peptide bond is formed where water was removed

A

Dehydration synthesis

64
Q

chemical reaction responsible for the breaking of a peptide bonds by adding water to where peptide bond was formed

A

Hydrolysis

65
Q

(protein) SHAPE DETERMINES

A

FUNCTION

66
Q

amino acid sequence in polypeptide, genetically determined, this structure determines final shape of protein making it responsible for its properties

A

Primary structure (of proteins)

67
Q

localized & repetitive coiling/ folding of protein that form due to weak hydrogen bonds between carboxyl and amino groups of amino acids along the chain

A

secondary structure (of proteins)

68
Q

non localized, non repetitive folding overall 3 dimensional shape of polypeptides that result from interactions of the side chains (R groups)

A

tertiary structure

69
Q

Formation of two or more polypeptide chains

A

Quaternary Structure

70
Q

proteins can act as

A

enzymes

71
Q

Specificity of an enzyme determined by?

A

Three dimensional folding of protein creating active site on the enzyme

72
Q

Area of protein where chemical reaction takes place

A

active site

73
Q

Substance in which enzyme acts on

A

substrate

74
Q

Carries genetic info

A

Nucleic Acids

75
Q

Subunits of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

76
Q

Nucleic acid examples

A

DNA & RNA

77
Q

Nucleotide consists of

A

Nitrogen containing Base (A,T,G, C. U), a PENTOSE SUGAR, DNA (deoxyribose) or RNA (ribose sugar), Phosphate group

78
Q

DNA features

A

Double helix, Deoxyribose sugar, & 4 nucleotides(Adenine =Thymine, Guanine=-Cytosine)

79
Q

Nucleotides of DNA are hydrogen bonded resulting in base pairs of

A

Adenine (2 hyrdogen bonds) to Thymine , Guanine 3 hydrogen bonds to Cytosine

80
Q

DNA strands and their bases pairing make them

A

complementary to one another

81
Q

RNA characteristics

A

Single Stranded, Ribose Sugar, 4 Bases (Adenosine: Uracil / Guanine: Cytosine)

82
Q

RNA’s role (does not carry genetic info)

A

decodes information in DNA to assemble amino acid sequence to build proteins

83
Q

single stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to one strand of DNA that acts as a template for protein synthesis

A

mRNA (messenger)

84
Q

non coding RNA molecule that is primary component of ribosome, which catalyze protein synthesis

A

r RNA (ribosomal)

85
Q

Decodes specific codon of mRNA to transfer specific amino acid to the end of a chain in the ribosome

A

t RNA (transfer)

Microbiology (42 decks)

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