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Microbiology > Chapter 4- Microbial Growth > Flashcards

Chapter 4- Microbial Growth Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nobel Prize for disease causing microbes; developed methods of cultivating bacteria

A

R. Koch

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2
Q

Fannie Hesse suggested AGAR medium to Koch because

A

there were limitations with solidifying liquid media w/ gel media such ass melting @ certain temps AND digestible by bacterias

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3
Q

Microbes can grow in EXTREME conditions such as

A

oceanic, volcanic, polar regions

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4
Q

Why is it important to grow microbes in culture?

A

Each species grow under specific conditions, medical significance, nutritional/ industrial uses

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5
Q

Binary fission

A

replication of parent cell that creates two identical daughter cells that often stick together & form chains, pairs, etc

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6
Q

exponential growth

A

population doubles each division

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7
Q

generational time

A

time it takes for population to double

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8
Q

How do bacteria/prokaryotic cells divide?

A

Binary Fission

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9
Q

Consequences of exponential growth

A

can cause bacteria to spread very rapidly in such short amount of time

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10
Q

Growth can be calculated by

A

Nt= No x 2^N ; N= time incubated/ generation time

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11
Q

Microbes attach to surfaces and live in polymer encased communities called

A

biofilms

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12
Q

examples of biofilm include

A

dental plaque, sink gunk, toilet scum

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13
Q

Most bacterial infections involve

A

Biofilms

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14
Q

Treatment of infections with biofilm are troublesome bc

A

they are often resistant to immune system and antibiotics

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15
Q

How are biofilms helpful?

A

Bioremediation efforts use microbes to degrade harmful chemicals are enhanced by biofilms

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16
Q

population of cells derived from a single cell

A

pure culture

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17
Q

pure cultures can only be obtained via

A

ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE

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18
Q

procedures that help prevent accidental introduction of unwanted microbes

A

aseptic technique

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19
Q

to obtain pure culture, you need

A

culture medium, aseptic technique and method to separate individual cells

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20
Q

If correct conditions are in place while obtaining pure culture then

A

single cell will multiply to form visible colony

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21
Q

*What is used to solidify growth medium and helps prevent bacteria to be destroyed at high temps and digestible?

A

***** Agar **

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22
Q

Method that allows air to enter but excludes contaminants

A

Petri Dish

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23
Q

Method that isolates microbes

A

**Streak method ***

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24
Q

Microorganisms grown on agar plates / in test tube are

A

closed systems/ batch cultures

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25
Q

Nutrients are not renewed/ wastes are not removed

A

in batch cultures/ closes systems

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26
Q

When cells grow in closed system/ batch cultures

A

population increases in stages and declines

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27
Q

growth pattern observed when cells are grown in closed systems

A

growth curve

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28
Q

5 stages of growth curve

A

Lag Phase, Log Phase, Stationary, Death Phase, Phase of Prolonged decline

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29
Q

method used to maintain constant cell growth by continuously adding nutrients and removing waste

A

Open System/ Continuous Culture

30
Q

of cells don’t increase, cells begin synthesizing enzymes required for growth, delay dependent on conditions

A

Lag Phase

31
Q

Cells divide at constant rate, primary metabolites (amino acids) & secondary metabolites (antibiotics) produced and wastes accumulate

A

Log (Exponential) Phase

32
Q

Nutrients levels too low to sustain growth

A

Stationary Phase

33
Q

Total number of viable cells decrease

A

Death Phase

34
Q

Cells that survive death phase adapt to tolerate worsened conditions (cells can still multiply for a short period of time)

A

Phase of Prolonged Decline

35
Q

Conditions that contribute to microbial growth

A

Temperature, Atmosphere, pH, water availability

36
Q

temperature range in which growth occurs

A

Cardinal temperatures

37
Q

Cardinal temperature ranges

A

Minimal (lowest growth can occur) Maximal (highest growth can occur) Optimal (growth is most rapid at this temp)

38
Q

Pathogens are mesophiles

A

Temp requirements are 35-40 celsius

39
Q

Temperature and Food Preservation

A

Refridgerators stay at 4 C to slow spoiliage by limiting fast growing microbes

40
Q

freezing preserves food but DOES NOT

A

kill microbes

41
Q

Microorganisms can grow in _________ environments

A

aerobic or anaerobic

42
Q

Microbes that use molecular oxygen; produces more energy than microbes that dont

A

Aerobic

43
Q

Microbes that can grow in absence of oxygen

A

Anaerobic

44
Q

require oxygen for growth/ respiration; bacterial growth @ top of test tube

A

Obligate aerobes

45
Q

facultative aerobe

A

do not REQUIRE oxygen for growth, BUT grows better when oxygen present; used oxygen if available for respiration, bacterial growth dispersed within test tube

46
Q

cannot grow w/ oxygen present (lacks enzymes that neutralize harmful toxins of O2); does NOT use oxygen for respiration; bacterial growth

A

Obligate Anaerobic

47
Q

grows equally well with or w/o oxygen, does not use oxygen for respiration, bacterial growth throughout test tube

A

Aerotolerant Anaerobe

48
Q

grows only if small amounts of O2 are available; requires o2 for respiration; bacterial growth towards top of test tube

A

Microaerophile

49
Q

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

A

harmful by products of O2 respiration (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide) that are toxic to cells

50
Q

bacterias can survives a range of pH; most microbes are ____ & optimum near _____

A

neutrophiles pH 5-8 ; acidophiles (pH5.5 and below) alkaliphiles (pH 8.5 and higher)

51
Q

HALO

A

salt

52
Q

ALL micro organisms require _____ for growth

A

WATER

53
Q

If solute concentration is higher outside of cell than inside, water moves out of cell resulting in

A

cytoplasm dehydrating and shrink from cell wall (plasmolysis)

54
Q

Process where Water flowing out the cell causing cytoplasm to dehydrate and shrink from the cell wall

A

Plasmolysis

55
Q

Why is carbon one of the most important requirements for microbial growth?

A

STructural backbone of all living matter

56
Q

______ use organic carbon; _______ use inorganic carbon

A

Heterotrophs; Autotrophs

57
Q

What converts inorganic carbon to organic carbon?

A

Carbon fixation

58
Q

Major Elements that influence Microbial Growth

A

C, N, P, S, K, Mg, Ca, I

59
Q

Trace Elements that influence Microbial Growth

A

Co, Zn, Cu, Mo, Mn

60
Q

Many bacteria use nitrogen from the atmosphere via

A

nitrogen fixation; nitrogen used for synthesizing amino acids

61
Q

This is essential for nucleic acids, phospholipid synthesis, and ATP production

A

phosphorus

62
Q

compounds that some microbes in growth medium require because it cannot synthesize them

A

growth factors

63
Q

Microbes growth factor requirements

A

reflects its biosynthetic capabilities

64
Q

organisms that require growth factors

A

Fastidious (Ex: Neisseria species)

65
Q

Nutritional factors that effect microbial growth

A

Sunlight/ Chemical compounds

66
Q

_____- extract energy from sunlight; _______ extract energy from chemicals

A

Phototrophs; CHemotrophs

67
Q

** these medias can be used to detect or isolate a species from a mixed population **

A

differential & selective

68
Q

determines total number of microorganisms in a sample (both living and dead)

A

direct cell counts

69
Q

Determine number of cells capable of multiplying

A

Viable Cell counts

70
Q

Microorganisms often live in a

A

biofilm

71
Q

Microorganisms grow close in associations containing multiple different species

A

Activities of one organism often affect growth of another

Microbiology (42 decks)

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