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Microbiology > Chap 1 > Flashcards

Chap 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Unit of DNA that encodes for something

A

gene

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2
Q

Characteristics of Micro organisms

A

SMALL, typically unicellular; possible live in colony w/ other cellular organisms

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3
Q

Cell theory

A

all livings things are composed of one or more cells, cells are basic unit of life, and living things arise from pre-existing cells

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4
Q

Biogenesis

A

production of living things from other living things; opposes spontaneous generation

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5
Q

Process where high heat is applied for short period of time, concept generated by Louis Pasteur

A

Pasteurization

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6
Q

Scientific method

A

process of formulating a testable explanation for a question, experimenting the hypothesis & drawing conclusions based on the results

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7
Q

Normal Microbiome

A

group of microoragnisms that colonize body surfaces & usually dont cause disease

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8
Q

Microbiome

A

community of microoragnisms & their genetic info in a given environment

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9
Q

A disease causing microbe

A

Pathogen

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10
Q

Emerging infectious diseases

A

Disease that is increasing in incidence/ geographic range

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11
Q

Category of related organisms; 1st part of scientific name

A

Genus

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12
Q

Group of closely related strains; basic unit of taxonomy; italicized

A

Species

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13
Q

3 Domains of Living Organisms

A

Bacteria, Archeae, Eukarya

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14
Q

Bacteria classified as

A

single cell prokaryotes w/ peptidoglycan in their cell walls

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15
Q

Main types of bacteria

A

Cocci & rods

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16
Q

Other shapes of bacteria

A

Spirilla, Vibrios, Spirochets

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17
Q

Archea classified as

A

single cell prokaryotes that look like bacteria, but have no peptidoclycan; grow in extreme environments

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18
Q

Eukarya classified as

A

eurkaryotes

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19
Q

Eukaryote examples include

A

Fungi, Algae, Protozoa

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20
Q

Contain chitin in their cell wall & use organic compounds as food; range in sizes from yeast to multicellular molds

A

Fungi

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21
Q

Have simple reproductive structures & no organized vascular system; Use sunlight as energy source

A

Algae

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22
Q

Motile, single cell organism that also use organic compounds as food

A

Protozoa

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23
Q

Acelluar Infectious Agents include (nonliving microbes w/ no cells)

A

Viruses, Viroids, Prions

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24
Q

Acellular microbe that consists of either RNA or DNA . has protein coat, infect & stay in host cells, and use their machinery to replicate

A

Virus

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25
Q

Consists of single RNA, no protein coat, infects hosts cell & use their machinery to replicate; usually cause plant disease

A

Viroids

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26
Q

Consists of ONLY protein; no DNA, no RNA that causes misfolded versions of normal cellular protein (usually found in brain)

A

Prions

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27
Q

“patho”

A

DISEASE

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28
Q

“encephalo”

A

BRAIN

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29
Q

How do we classify/ identify minute differences in a species ?

A

Grouping them into strains

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30
Q

Prokaryotes DO NOT “before nuts”

A

have membrane bound nucleus

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31
Q

Eurkaryotes HAVE “true nuts”

A

Membrane bound nucleus & organelles

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32
Q

Examples of Micro organisms

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, Multicellular Animal Parasites

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33
Q

Who made the first observations that living things were composed of cells?

A

Robert Hooke, 1600s

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34
Q

Arguments against spontaneous regeneration like Cell theory/ Biogenesis was discovered & introduced by

A

R. Virchow, 1800s

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35
Q

Cell Theory also represents

A

Biogenesis

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36
Q

Who was responsible for the first observation of microbes by studying rain water and kicking off the community’s interest in cell theory?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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37
Q

Belief that organism can arise from non living matter, believed until mid 19th century

A

Spontaneous Generation

38
Q

Experiment with meat and jars that showed cloth prevented flies from laying eggs on meat, but not how microbes could still exist/enter the jar & did not convince the community to change spontaneous generation beliefs

A

Franciso Redi

39
Q

This scientist supported spontaneous generation and his experiments assumed boiling broth kills any living thing inside, and if it appeared, must be bc of spontaneous generation

A

John Needham

40
Q

This scientist opposed Needham’s by repeating his experiment, BOILED LONGER AND SEALED FLASKS, so life’s vital forces would not get in. However, ppl believe the heat killed vital forces so it was not accepted

A

Father Spallanzani

41
Q

Louis Pasteur’s swan neck flask experiment concluded

A

microbes already exist in air, as his flasks kept microbes out, but let the air in

42
Q

Louis Pasteur exposed the microbes can both

A

be present in non living matter (solid, liquids and air) and killed by heat

43
Q

Aseptic techniques prevents

A

contamination of unwanted microbes

44
Q

Key DISCOVERIES in Golden Age of Microbiology

A

Vaccination, Germ Theory , Pasteurization and Fermentation

45
Q

Conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine, process originated by

A

Fermentation, Louis Pasteur

46
Q

Louis Pasteur developed microbial techniques for

A

PRESERVING FOOD and LIQUID

47
Q

Theory that microbes/ microoraganisms can cause disease

A

Germ Theory of Disease

48
Q

The idea that microorganisms may cause disease

A

Germ Theory of Disease

49
Q

This scientists showed silkworm disease was caused by fungus

A

Agnostio Bassi, 1800s

50
Q

Dr who promoted hand washing to prevent fever amongst OB patients (pioneer of antiseptic procedure)

A

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis

51
Q

Dr who used chemical disinfectant like carbolic acid to prevent surgical wound infections

A

Joseph Lister

52
Q

Proved bacteria caused negative effects of anthrax

A

R. Koch

53
Q

Purpose of Koch’s postulates

A

Prove specific microbes causes specific disease

54
Q

This person found a way to protect ppl from smallpox (essentially created start of vaccines)

A

Edward Jenner 1700s

55
Q

Protection is aka

A

IMMUNITY/ VACCINATION

56
Q

Benefits of Microorganisms include

A

Nitrogen fixation, oxygen production, breakdown of materials (sewage, cellulose and wastewater)

57
Q

Example of micro organisms in food production

A

Baking bread using yeast, fermentation to make alcohol or dairy

58
Q

Examples of micro organisms in genetic engineering

A

intro of genes to another organism, diseases resistant plants, production of medications (insulin/diabetes)

59
Q

Role of normal human microbiome

A

prevent diseases by competing with harmful microbes, help digestion, promote immune systems, can decrease allergies, affect brain chemistry and weight

60
Q

Vaccines have nearly eradicated

A

smallpox, plague death, polio

61
Q

Example of infectious disease in non human population

A

Irish Potato famine, english foot and mouth disease, wheat blast

62
Q

Emerging Infectious Disease Example

A

Ebola, Zika, FLu, Lyme, AIDS, Mad Cow, Malaria, Tuberculosis

63
Q

All Living Things Classified in 3 Domains

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

64
Q

Who DOES NOT have peptidoglycan got in their cell wall?

A

Archaea and Eukarya

65
Q

Who Has membrane bound organelles?

A

Eukarya

66
Q

Who DOES NOT have membrane bound organelles?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

67
Q

What comes first, capitalized & Italizicized?

A

Genus

68
Q

WHat comes after genus, lower cases, and italicized?

A

Species

69
Q

Binomial Nomenclature to identify organisms composed of

A

Genus & Species

70
Q

groups of species that are genetically related but differ in some way

A

Genus

71
Q

Specific name of organism that differentiates it from others in genus

A

Species

72
Q

Classification of living things to establish relationships of orgranism in one group to another

A

Taxonomy

73
Q

Prokaryotes are known as ________ because members of same species are genetically all identical to one another

A

clones

74
Q

Population of cells that have derived from single parent

A

Clones

75
Q

Identical cells are considered what kind of culture?

A

Pure culture

76
Q

Groups of species that are genetically related but differ in some way identified by #s, letters or names followed by species name __________

A

Strains

77
Q

Microbial Nomenclature Order

A

Genus. Species. Strain

78
Q

Bacteria Characteristics

A

Single Celled, prokaryotes, most have specific shapes, most use flagella , multiple by binary fission, have wide energy source, cells of same species usually one shape

79
Q

How do prokaryotes multiply?

A

Binary Fission

80
Q

Bacteria Shapes?

A

Coccus, Rods (Bacillus), Vibrio, Spirillum, Spriochette, Pleomorphic

81
Q

Arachaea Characteristics

A

Single celled prokaryotes, cell wall has NO peptidoglycan, many exist/ have extreme environments

82
Q

Eukarya Characteristics

A

have nucleus, membrane bound organelles, more complex, members are fungi , algae, protozaoa

83
Q

Parasitic worm, type of eurkarya

A

Helminth

84
Q

Groups of differences in a pure culture

A

Strain

85
Q

Microbial World Relation Tree

A
86
Q

Microbial Nomenclature Example

A
87
Q

Bacterial shape?

A

Coccus (C for Circle)

88
Q

Bacterial Shape?

A

Rods (Bacillus)

89
Q

Bacterial Shape?

A

Vibrio

90
Q

Bacterial Shape

A

Spirillum

91
Q

Bacterial Shape?

A

Spirochette

92
Q

Prokaryotes do not have a ________ but instead have a ________ where genetic material is kept.

A

membrane brand nucleus, nucleoid

Microbiology (42 decks)

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