Chap 20- Antimicrobial Med History Flashcards
person who was interested in how cells take up dyes; searched for “magic bullet”/ cure to syphillis
Paul Ehrlich
terms used to describe meds that would kill pathogen w/o harming human host
Magic Bullet - Ehrlich’s terms
antibiotic or other chemical that acts by inhibiting or killing microbes and is used to treat an infectious disease;
antimicrobial meds/ drugs
discovered antimicrobial medication penicillin via staphylococcus mold secreting a substance that killed bacteria (aka penicillin)
Alexander Flemming
The use of drugs to treat a disease
chemotherapy
Interfere with the growth of microbes within a host
antimircrobial drugs
A substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe
antibiotic
How are new antimicrobial drugs developed?
altering structures of base drug yields new medications (penicillin yielding the –cillin fam from 1950s +)
Why is the development of new drugs costly?
FDA requirements/ strict testing; drug becomes more resistant w/ more use
Were common diseases fatal before discovery of peniciilin?
Yes, Dr.s could identify disease but had nothing to treat it, 1940s
Why are new meds in constant need of development?
Misuse of antimicrobial meds and microbial resistance to drug effectiveness after use
antimicrobial meds are selectively toxic meaning
they cause more harm to microbe than human host
toxicity of a given medication is relative & is expressed as the
therapeutic index
therapeutic index calculated as
lowest dose toxic to patient DIVIDED BY dose typically used for therapy
If meds are too toxic for systemic use, they may be used how??
Topically
inhibit bacterial growth
bacteriostatic
chemicals that kill bacteria
bactericidal
spectrum of activity for antibiotics
broad spectrum (affects wide range) vs narrow spectrum (affects limited range)
medications that interfere with others
antagonistic medications
medications that enhance one another
synergistic
Adverse affects of antimircobial meds
allergic reactions, toxic effects, dysbiosis (imbalance in microbiome)
Resistance due to inherent characteristics of an organism
intrinsic resistance
Example of organism w/ intrinsic resistance? Why
Mycoplasma; they lack cell wall are intrinsically resistant to penicillian & any other antimicrobial that interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis
Why are many gram negative bacteria resistant to meds?
their outer membrane prevents molecules from entering
