Chap 13- Virus Types & Characteristics Flashcards

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1
Q

Viral infections cause win/loss of wars; worldwide devastation due to this particular virus in earlier centuries , ________

A

smallpox (devastation)

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2
Q

Virus & Christianity

A

Europeans who survived smallpox endemic brought the virus to the new world, killing droves of Aztecs while remaining untouched. Aztecs/new world inhabitants interpreted it as “Christian God” was dominant over their own

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3
Q

Seasonal influenza first described by who?

A

Hippocrates, described as winter illness “Perinthus”

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4
Q

Flu pandemics seemingly occur every ________.

A

Last flu pandemic before Rona was Spanish Flu of 1918 (affected 50mill, life expectancy dropped 12 yrs)

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5
Q

naturally occurring minor changes in influenza viruses due to mutation

A

antigenic drift (small changes result of mutation)

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6
Q

MAJOR changes where multiple strains of virus infect single host, and host can no longer recognize virus

A

antigenic shift (big changes due to multi attack on single host) (Ex: bird,pig, human flus mutating to one virus infecting single host)

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7
Q

any substance that causes the body to make an immune response against it

A

antigenic

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8
Q

Dmitri Ivanovsky was first to

A

isolate virus in tobacco plants & that the virus can pass through a filter. (sap from disease plants could transfer to healthy plants) (pores on filters too small for bacteria to pass, which led to discovery of viruses)

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9
Q

Shortcomings & doubts with Ivanovsky’s experiment?

A

He did not fulfill Koch’s postulates as he was unable to grow the virus from infected sap on culture. This caused doubt (maybe filters were broken? maybe it was just a toxin?)

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10
Q

Who proved Ivanovsky’s original findings?

A

M. Beijiernik showed SAP did not lose its disease ability despite after dilutions via multiple inoculations to healthy plants; dilution was not successful, so it cant be a toxin & it can replicate.

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11
Q

Virus Characteristics

A

needs living tissue spread, are obligatory intracellular parasites, contain DNA OR RNA , have protein coat, most only infect specific cell type

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12
Q

Virus in latin means

A

POISON

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13
Q

Are viruses ALIVE?

A

They are considered noncellular life/ acellular infectious agent

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14
Q

2 Things a Virus must have

A

Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA - never both), Protein Coat

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15
Q

range of cells, tissues, etc that a virus can affect

A

host range

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16
Q

Viruses that infect Bacteria

A

Bacteriophages or “Phages”

17
Q

How do most viruses connect to host cells?

A

via attachment sites (receptor sites on host cells)& cellular factor (outer surface of virus chemically connects to receptor sites on host cell)

18
Q

Virus is generally these 3 shapes

A

icosahedral (20 flat triangles) , helical (capsomeres arranged in helix) , or complex (phage)

19
Q

viral particle aka

A

VIRION

20
Q

protein coat (of a virus)? made up of ? protects?

A

capsid; capsomeres; nucleic acid

21
Q

Nucleic acid & capsid make the ____

A

Nucleocapsid

22
Q

glycoprotein used for attachments to HOST cells (define the host range)

A

spikes

23
Q

type of virus that HAS lipid enveloper; type of virus that DOES NOT HAVE lipid envelope

A

Enveloped Virus; Naked Virus (Non Enveloped)

24
Q

outer lipid envelope derived from host’s plasma membrane that only SOME viruses have;

A

envelope

25
Q

Suffix virus FAMILIES end in?

A

Viridiae

26
Q

Genus end in “_____”

A

Virus (Ex: Enterovirus)

27
Q

Name of disease virus causes; indicates regions/intensity

A

Species (Ex: Poliovirus) *Viruses usually go by Species name)

28
Q

viruses who share ORAL TO FECAL route

A

enteric viruses

29
Q

viruses who share RESPIRATORY/ SALIVARY ROUTE

A

respiratory viruses

30
Q

viruses spread from animal to human & are literally the worse

A

ZOONOTIC viruses

31
Q

viruses that spread via insects

A

arboviruses

32
Q

Viral Genome Characteristics

A

VERY SMALL, only encodes its structural components (capsid proteins /enzymes) , which are only concerned about replicating its viral nucleic acids

33
Q

How do virus multiply? (Generalized)

A

Firstly, must invade host cell. Once virus inside, it takes over host cell expression machinery. Now, the cell starts to produce viral components. These viral components are assembled and result in virus leaving cell and causing cell burst/death.