Chapter 6 - Metabolism and Nutritional Flashcards
Critical success in equine surgery relies on:
Severity of the disease and stability before anesthesia
Malnutrition in surgical patients reduces:
Survival, immune function, wound healing, and gastrointestinal function
Healthy adult horses (score4 or 5/9) can tolerate short-term food deprivation for:
3 to 4 days
The metabolic response to injury in horses is characterized by:
Increased metabolism and catabolic processes
Energy requirements in pregnant mares increase significantly:
In the last three months of gestation
decline in blood glucose concentration occurs with food deprivation; insulin levels fall and energy demands are initially met via
glycogenolysis
glycogenolysis occurs with the glycogen stored in the liver. When it is over what is the source?
As starvation progresses, glycogen is mobilized within other tissues, including muscle along with production of glycerol from lipid degradation energy is produced
in starvation which hormones increment and decrease?
Starvation the hormones increase:
- growth hormone
- glucagon
- epinephrine
- leptin
- cortisol
decrease:
-insulin
-thyroid
Enteral nutrition in critically ill patients helps to:
Maintain gut integrity and reduce bacterial translocation
Parenteral nutrition is used when:
Enteral feeding is inappropriate or insufficient
Blood glucose control is important in critically ill equine patients because:
Hyperglycemia can impair immune function and increase infection risk
The metabolic response to injury leads to increment of inflammatory cytokines, name them
interleukin [IL]-1, IL-2, IL-6,
tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α,
interferon-γ
how do you explain in case of injury the hyperglycemia?
afferent nerve and brain stimulation leads to increase glucagon secretion and hyperglycemia
the injury also casues activation of hypothalamic-pituitary increasing the level of
cortisol,
catecholamines,
growth hormone,
aldosterone,
nd antidiuretic hormone
why in case of injury there is behavioral changes including anorexia?
Cytokine production leads to anorexia
The total energy of a feedstuff is divided into
The total energy of a feedstuff is divided into
- the digestible energy (DE)
- nondigestible energy
Name the formula to mee the maintenance energy requirements
BW= kilograms
1 Mcal = 1000 kcal
estimation alternatively 33 kcal/kg/day
resting energy requirement (DEr) is
The resting energy requirement (DEr) is the amount of energy required for maintenance
The resting energy requirement (DEr) formula
During lactation, energy demands peak over the first
3 months
Name the formula for the first 3 months of lactation in 300-900 kg mares
Name the formula for the first 3 months of lactation in ponies 200-300 kg
Name the formula for the first 3 months of lactation in 300-900 kg mares
Name the formula for the first 3 months of lactation in ponies 200-300 kg
how many kcal provides 1 L of milk from the mare?
500 and 600 kcal of energy per liter.
what % of BW in milk consumes a foal 1 week old?
20% and 30% of its body weight
45-kg foal drinking 9 to 13.5 L of mare’s milk
4500 kcal (4.5 Mcal) and 7800 kcal/day
what are the kcal/kg/day requirements of a foal in the 1st week?
This equates to a metabolic rate of between 100 and 173 kcal/kg/day.
The largest growth rate occurs when in foals?
The largest growth rate occurs during the first month of life.
name the formula to estimate the energy requirement in Mcal DE per day in weanlings and young growing horses
M = months of age
ADG is daily weight gain in kilograms
What is the formula for protein maintenance estimation?
For example, a 500-kg horse with a DEm of 16.5 Mcal/day would require 660 g of protein per day
what are the fat soluble vitamins?
vitamins A, K, D, and E.
what are the water soluble vitamins?
B vitamins and vitamin C
Vitamin K, vitamin D, and all the B vitamins, with the exception of niacin, are synthesized by
microbial population in the horse’s large colon and cecum
Early enteral nutrition (EEN) refers to the initiation of enteral feeding within _____ hours after surgery
Early enteral nutrition (EEN) refers to the initiation of enteral feeding within 48 hours after surgery
why complete pelleted diets are advantageous?
Complete pelleted diets offer several advantages: they are relatively inexpensive, they are well balanced for the maintenance requirements of the adult horse, and they contain fiber.
why fiber is beneficial? it contributes to what?
Fiber is beneficial in increasing colonic blood flow, enzymatic activity, colonic mucosal cell growth, and absorption
Corn oil may be added to the diet to increase what?
Corn oil may be added to the diet to increase the caloric content
which tubes are advisable for prolonged nasogastric intubation?
Small-bore, softer (polyurethane) tubes are recommended if intubation is prolonged
what is the recommended regime to feed in the first 24h?
The recommended regimen is to feed a maximum of 50% of the calculated requirements during the first 24 hours.
In which situations do you use parenteral nutrition?
Horses with proximal enteritis, colitis, postoperative ileus, esophageal lacerations, or obstructions can receive nutritional support until resolution of the underlying problem allows reinstitution of enteral feeding. Recumbent or dysphagic animals at risk for aspiration pneumonia, i
carbohydrates are providded with which type of solutions?
50% dextrose solutions (2525 mOsm/L) that contain 1.7 Kcal/mL.
what is the easy way to provide parenteral nutrition in the first 2 days?
Although not always ideal, providing calories with dextrose infusions alone is a simple and inexpensive method to supply limited nutritional support to a postsurgical patient for a brief period (2 days)
why dextrose cannot be given at long term?
Dextrose is less calorie dense than lipids and provides no amino acids for protein production; therefore it cannot be recommended as a long-term solution
how many proteins should be given per day?
0.5 to 1.5 g protein per kilogram BW per day
what are the complications of parenteral nutrition?
hyperglycemia,
hyperammonemia,
hyperlipemia,
elevation of serum urea nitrogen,
thrombophlebitis,
sepsis
Lipid infusions have been associated
allergic reactions, hyperlipemia, alterations in liver function, and fat embolism
Lipid infusions should be avoided in which type of patients?
Lipids should be avoided in patients with a predisposition to or a preexisting hyperlipemia or an underlying liver dysfunction.
