Chapter 6 - Metabolism and Nutritional

Question 1

Critical success in equine surgery relies on:

Answer 1

Severity of the disease and stability before anesthesia

Question 2

Malnutrition in surgical patients reduces:

Answer 2

Survival, immune function, wound healing, and gastrointestinal function

Question 3

Healthy adult horses (score4 or 5/9) can tolerate short-term food deprivation for:

Answer 3

3 to 4 days

Question 4

The metabolic response to injury in horses is characterized by:

Answer 4

Increased metabolism and catabolic processes

Question 5

Energy requirements in pregnant mares increase significantly:

Answer 5

In the last three months of gestation

Question 6

decline in blood glucose concentration occurs with food deprivation; insulin levels fall and energy demands are initially met via

Answer 6

glycogenolysis

Question 7

glycogenolysis occurs with the glycogen stored in the liver. When it is over what is the source?

Answer 7

As starvation progresses, glycogen is mobilized within other tissues, including muscle along with production of glycerol from lipid degradation energy is produced

Question 8

in starvation which hormones increment and decrease?

Answer 8

Starvation the hormones increase:
- growth hormone
- glucagon
- epinephrine
- leptin
- cortisol

decrease:
-insulin
-thyroid

Question 9

Enteral nutrition in critically ill patients helps to:

Answer 9

Maintain gut integrity and reduce bacterial translocation

Question 10

Parenteral nutrition is used when:

Answer 10

Enteral feeding is inappropriate or insufficient

Question 11

Blood glucose control is important in critically ill equine patients because:

Answer 11

Hyperglycemia can impair immune function and increase infection risk

Question 12

The metabolic response to injury leads to increment of inflammatory cytokines, name them

Answer 12

interleukin [IL]-1, IL-2, IL-6,
tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α,
interferon-γ

Question 13

how do you explain in case of injury the hyperglycemia?

Answer 13

afferent nerve and brain stimulation leads to increase glucagon secretion and hyperglycemia

Question 14

the injury also casues activation of hypothalamic-pituitary increasing the level of

Answer 14

cortisol,
catecholamines,
growth hormone,
aldosterone,
nd antidiuretic hormone

Question 15

why in case of injury there is behavioral changes including anorexia?

Answer 15

Cytokine production leads to anorexia

Question 16

The total energy of a feedstuff is divided into

Answer 16

The total energy of a feedstuff is divided into
- the digestible energy (DE)
- nondigestible energy

Question 17

Name the formula to mee the maintenance energy requirements

Answer 17

BW= kilograms
1 Mcal = 1000 kcal
estimation alternatively 33 kcal/kg/day

Question 18

resting energy requirement (DEr) is

Answer 18

The resting energy requirement (DEr) is the amount of energy required for maintenance

Question 19

The resting energy requirement (DEr) formula

Answer 19

Question 20

During lactation, energy demands peak over the first

Answer 20

3 months

Question 21

Name the formula for the first 3 months of lactation in 300-900 kg mares

Answer 21

Question 22

Name the formula for the first 3 months of lactation in ponies 200-300 kg

Answer 22

Question 23

Name the formula for the first 3 months of lactation in 300-900 kg mares

Answer 23

Question 24

Name the formula for the first 3 months of lactation in ponies 200-300 kg

Answer 24

Question 25

how many kcal provides 1 L of milk from the mare?

Answer 25

500 and 600 kcal of energy per liter.

Question 26

what % of BW in milk consumes a foal 1 week old?

Answer 26

20% and 30% of its body weight
45-kg foal drinking 9 to 13.5 L of mare’s milk
4500 kcal (4.5 Mcal) and 7800 kcal/day

Question 27

what are the kcal/kg/day requirements of a foal in the 1st week?

Answer 27

This equates to a metabolic rate of between 100 and 173 kcal/kg/day.

Question 28

The largest growth rate occurs when in foals?

Answer 28

The largest growth rate occurs during the first month of life.

Question 29

name the formula to estimate the energy requirement in Mcal DE per day in weanlings and young growing horses

Answer 29

M = months of age
ADG is daily weight gain in kilograms

Question 30

What is the formula for protein maintenance estimation?

Answer 30

For example, a 500-kg horse with a DEm of 16.5 Mcal/day would require 660 g of protein per day

Question 31

what are the fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 31

vitamins A, K, D, and E.

Question 32

what are the water soluble vitamins?

Answer 32

B vitamins and vitamin C

Question 33

Vitamin K, vitamin D, and all the B vitamins, with the exception of niacin, are synthesized by

Answer 33

microbial population in the horse’s large colon and cecum

Question 34

Early enteral nutrition (EEN) refers to the initiation of enteral feeding within _____ hours after surgery

Answer 34

Early enteral nutrition (EEN) refers to the initiation of enteral feeding within 48 hours after surgery

Question 35

why complete pelleted diets are advantageous?

Answer 35

Complete pelleted diets offer several advantages: they are relatively inexpensive, they are well balanced for the maintenance requirements of the adult horse, and they contain fiber.

Question 36

why fiber is beneficial? it contributes to what?

Answer 36

Fiber is beneficial in increasing colonic blood flow, enzymatic activity, colonic mucosal cell growth, and absorption

Question 37

Corn oil may be added to the diet to increase what?

Answer 37

Corn oil may be added to the diet to increase the caloric content

Question 38

which tubes are advisable for prolonged nasogastric intubation?

Answer 38

Small-bore, softer (polyurethane) tubes are recommended if intubation is prolonged

Question 39

what is the recommended regime to feed in the first 24h?

Answer 39

The recommended regimen is to feed a maximum of 50% of the calculated requirements during the first 24 hours.

Question 40

In which situations do you use parenteral nutrition?

Answer 40

Horses with proximal enteritis, colitis, postoperative ileus, esophageal lacerations, or obstructions can receive nutritional support until resolution of the underlying problem allows reinstitution of enteral feeding. Recumbent or dysphagic animals at risk for aspiration pneumonia, i

Question 41

carbohydrates are providded with which type of solutions?

Answer 41

50% dextrose solutions (2525 mOsm/L) that contain 1.7 Kcal/mL.

Question 42

what is the easy way to provide parenteral nutrition in the first 2 days?

Answer 42

Although not always ideal, providing calories with dextrose infusions alone is a simple and inexpensive method to supply limited nutritional support to a postsurgical patient for a brief period (2 days)

Question 43

why dextrose cannot be given at long term?

Answer 43

Dextrose is less calorie dense than lipids and provides no amino acids for protein production; therefore it cannot be recommended as a long-term solution

Question 44

how many proteins should be given per day?

Answer 44

0.5 to 1.5 g protein per kilogram BW per day

Question 45

what are the complications of parenteral nutrition?

Answer 45

hyperglycemia,
hyperammonemia,
hyperlipemia,
elevation of serum urea nitrogen,
thrombophlebitis,
sepsis

Question 46

Lipid infusions have been associated

Answer 46

allergic reactions, hyperlipemia, alterations in liver function, and fat embolism

Question 47

Lipid infusions should be avoided in which type of patients?

Answer 47

Lipids should be avoided in patients with a predisposition to or a preexisting hyperlipemia or an underlying liver dysfunction.