Chapter 42 - Overview of Upper Airway function Flashcards
What is the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) for Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses?
160 mL/kg/min
By how much does the oxygen uptake in racehorses increase compared to the value at rest?
40 times
What is the approximate tidal volume (VT) at maximal exercise for a horse?
A) 10-12 L
B) 14-18 L
C) 8-10 L
D) 12-14 L
B) 14-18 L
What is the tidal volume at rest for a horse?
A) 10 L
B) 8 L
C) 5 L
D) 7 L
C) 5 L
What percentage of resistance to airflow is produced by the extrathoracic equine airway?
A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 70%
D) 80%
D) 80%
What is the respiratory frequency at maximal exercise?
A) 120 breaths/min
B) 100 breaths/min
C) 80 breaths/min
D) 140 breaths/min
A) 120 breaths/min
At exercise, the respiratory minute volume (VE) increases by how much?
A) 10-fold
B) 27-fold
C) 35-fold
D) 20-fold
B) 27-fold
What is the respiratory minute volume (VE) at rest for a horse?
A) 67 L/min
B) 70 L/min
C) 80 L/min
D) 65 L/min
A) 67 L/min
What is the peak inspiratory flow at rest?
A) 5 L/s
B) 4 L/s
C) 3.5 L/s
D) 2.5 L/s
C) 3.5 L/s
What is the peak inspiratory flow during exercise?
A) 55-65 L/s
B) 65-75 L/s
C) 45-55 L/s
D) 75-85 L/s
B) 65-75 L/s
What is the peak expiratory flow at rest?
A) 5.7 L/s
B) 6 L/s
C) 4.5 L/s
D) 3.7 L/s
A) 5.7 L/s
What is the peak expiratory flow during exercise?
A) 50-70 L/s
B) 55-75 L/s
C) 60-80 L/s
D) 45-65 L/s
C) 60-80 L/s
What is the peak inspiratory tracheal pressure at maximal exercise?
A) −10 to −20 mm Hg
B) −18 to −37 mm Hg
C) −15 to −30 mm Hg
D) −12 to −25 mm Hg
B) −18 to −37 mm Hg
What is the peak expiratory tracheal pressure at maximal exercise?
A) 6-20 mm Hg
B) 5-18 mm Hg
C) 8-25 mm Hg
D) 10-22 mm Hg
A) 6-20 mm Hg
At what gait are stride and respiratory frequency synchronized in a 1:1 ratio?
A) Walk
B) Trot
C) Canter
C) Canter
How much resistance to airflow is produced by the nasal passages?
A) 12%-30%
B) 20%-50%
C) 26%-76%
D) 30%-60%
C) 26%-76%
What is the impedance of the upper airway during inspiration at exercise in normal adult horses?
A) 0.38-0.46 mm Hg/L/s
B) 0.5-0.6 mm Hg/L/s
C) 0.3-0.4 mm Hg/L/s
D) 0.4-0.5 mm Hg/L/s
A) 0.38-0.46 mm Hg/L/s
What is the impedance of the upper airway during expiration at exercise in normal adult horses?
A) 0.16-0.30 mm Hg/L/s
B) 0.20-0.40 mm Hg/L/s
C) 0.16-0.38 mm Hg/L/s
D) 0.30-0.50 mm Hg/L/s
C) 0.16-0.38 mm Hg/L/s
What percentage of resistance to airflow is produced by the larynx?
A) 15%-35%
B) 12%-30%
C) 10%-20%
D) 5%-15%
B) 12%-30%
What ratio is shorter, expiration or inspiration?
A) Expiration is shorter
B) Inspiration is shorter
C) They are equal
A) Expiration is shorter
What is the expiration to inspiration ratio (E) during maximal exercise?
A) 0.9-1.0
B) 1.1-1.2
C) 0.96-0.99
D) 1.0-1.1
C) 0.96-0.99
What condition in horses causes an expiratory obstruction that increases expiratory impedance?
B) Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP)
According to the Bernoulli principle, what happens to pressure as airflow increases?
A) Pressure increases
B) Pressure decreases
C) Pressure remains constant
B) Pressure decreases
How much of the total airway resistance is produced by the upper airway during inspiration compared to expiration?
A) 1.5 times more
B) 2 times more
C) 1.2 times more
D) 3 times more
B) 2 times more