Chapter 35 - Jejunum and ileum Flashcards
What is the average length of the equine small intestine?
The equine small intestine varies from 10 to 30 m in length, with an average length of approximately 25 m.
- Where is the duodenojejunal flexure located, and what does it mark the junction of?
The duodenojejunal flexure is located on the left side of the dorsal abdomen, marking the junction of the duodenum and jejunum.
Describe the location of the jejunum in the equine abdomen.
The jejunum is situated mainly in the left dorsal quadrant of the abdomen, between loops of the small colon.
What provides arterial supply to the jejunum, and what is the structure of the vascular arcades in the mesojejunum?
The cranial mesenteric artery provides arterial supply to the jejunum. Vascular arcades in the long mesojejunum are composed of a major jejunal vessel, an arcuate vessel, and several vasa recta.
How is the length of the ileum marked, and what attaches its antimesenteric side to the dorsal band of the cecum?
The length of the ileum is marked by the distinct ileocecal fold, and its antimesenteric side is attached to the dorsal band of the cecum.
What forms the papilla of the terminal ileum, and where is the ileal orifice located?
Describe the muscle composition of the ileocecal papilla.
The muscle of the ileocecal papilla is composed of 3 layers:
an inner circular layer,
a central longitudinal muscle layer from the ileum,
and an outer layer formed from the circular muscle of the cecum
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Does the ileocecal papilla have a true sphincter?
No, the ileocecal papilla lacks a true sphincter, although the lumen of the ileum appears reduced at the ileocecal junction.
What cells constitute about 90% of the small intestinal epithelial cells, and what is their turnover time?
Columnar absorptive cells or enterocytes constitute about 90% of the small intestinal epithelial cells, and their turnover time is usually 2 to 3 days.
What is unique to the small intestine in adults regarding its epithelial surface?
Unique to the small intestine in adults are fingerlike projections of the epithelial surface called villi, each surrounded by approximately six to nine crypts of Lieberkühn.
What is the primary function of the villi in the small intestine?
Villi in the small intestine function in the digestion and absorption of nutrients.
What are the primary components of the small intestinal epithelial cells, aside from enterocytes?
Aside from enterocytes, small intestinal epithelial cells include mucous (goblet) cells, enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells, and undifferentiated columnar cells.
How are mature absorptive cells (columnar cells) formed, and what is their turnover time?
Mature absorptive cells migrate onto the villus as mature absorptive cells after at least two divisions within the crypt, and they are extruded at the villous tip with a turnover time of 2 to 3 days.
What structures form the brush border membrane on the apical surface of a mature enterocyte?
Microvilli form the brush border membrane on the apical surface of a mature enterocyte.
What is the function of tight junctions in enterocytes?
ight junctions restrict the transmucosal flux of large molecules but are permeable to water and many low-molecular-weight substances.
What is the primary mechanism for absorption of Na+ and Cl− in the small intestine?
The cotransport of Na+ and Cl− through a carrier mechanism on the luminal membrane is the primary mechanism for absorption of these ions in the small intestine.
How is the release of secretin stimulated, and what is its role in pancreatic secretion?
Secretin is released from S-cells in the duodenal mucosa in response to hydrogen ions in the duodenum. Secretin stimulates the pancreas and liver to secrete bicarbonate (HCO3−) and water.
What is the role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in pancreatic secretion?
Protein and fat in the duodenum stimulate the release of cholecystokinin (CCK) from I-cells in the duodenal mucosa. CCK causes the pancreas to secrete enzymes for the digestion of carbohydrates, fat, and protein.
How do bile salts aid in fat absorption, and what is the fate of bile salts in the small intestine?
Bile salts aid in fat absorption by emulsifying fat in the small intestine.
Approximately 94% of bile salts are reabsorbed by the small intestinal mucosa, pass to the liver, and are resecreted, creating enterohepatic circulation.
Where does the bulk of water absorption in the small intestine occur, and what are the routes for transepithelial movement of ions and water?
The bulk of water absorption in the small intestine occurs in its distal third region, but Na+ and water absorption in the small intestine is important for nutrient absorption. The routes for transepithelial movement of ions and water are through the cells (transcellular) and through the paracellular space (extracellular).
Which hormone stimulates the release of bicarbonate and water from the pancreas and liver?
Secretin.
Which transporter is responsible for D-glucose and D-galactose uptake in the enterocytes?
SGLT1 (sodium-glucose cotransporter type 1).
How does fructose move into the enterocyte?
Through facilitated diffusion via the GLUT5 transporter.