Chapter 2 - SIRS Flashcards
systemic inflammatory response and failure of multiple organ systems are a
syndrome
What is the Systemic Inflammatory Response?
inappropriate and generalized inflammatory response to stimuli, which may or may not result from an infectious process.
The key event in the initiation and propagation of SIRS is the release of
endogenous molecular substances (Bacteria or their endotoxins, or both)
What is the ultimate goal of the immune system in microbial invasion or tissue damage?
To contain infection, alarm the host, and promote tissue repair
What can initiate Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)?
Infection, endotoxemia, severe trauma, ischemia, or hypoxemia
What is the Compensatory Antiinflammatory Response Syndrome (CARS)?
Over-recruitment of antiinflammatory processes leading to anergy
What are cytokines in the context of SIRS?
Protein substances that respond to infectious agents or tissue damage
what are the 2 types of cytokine?
proinfalmamtory: tumor necrosis factor (TNF); interleukin 1, 6, and 8 (IL -1, IL -6, and IL -8, respectively); and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)
antiinflammatory ILa4, IL-10, Il-11, IL-13, TGF-β
who produces the proinflammatory cytokines TNF, IL and IFN-γ?
Monocytes and macrophages, neutrophils (TNF), fibroblasts, keratinocytes, lymphocytes (IL-1, IL-6) and natural killer cells (TNF, IFN-γ) endothelial ç are universal sources for the proinflammatory cytokines,
what are the main functions of TNF, IL-1 and IL-6?
initiate coagulation, fibrinolysis, complement activation, the acute phase response, and neutrophil chemotaxis. TNF and IL -1 also induce** pyrogenic** activities
What type of molecule is arachidonic acid
Arachidonic acid is a 20-carbon fatty acid that is a major constituent of the phospholipids of all cell membranes
What is the role of arachidonic acid in SIRS?
To be a precursor for eicosanoid synthesis
In experimental horses infusion of endotoxin results in
increased circulating levels of TNF and IL -6
in septic foals that did not survive, IL -___ gene expression was significantly greater than in surviving ones
in septic foals that did not survive, IL -10 gene expression was significantly greater than in surviving ones
Endotoxin, TNF, and ILil-1 all upregulate the activity of
phospholipase A2, the enzyme responsible for cleavage of arachidonic acid
Once released, arachidonic acid is further metabolized by either ________________ to form the family of leukotrienes, or __________________, to form the prostanoids: thromboxane A2 (TxA2) and the prostaglandins (PGs).
Once released, arachidonic acid is further metabolized by either lipoxygenase to form the family of leukotrienes, or cyclooxygenase, to form the prostanoids: thromboxane A2 (TxA2) and the prostaglandins (PGs).
The prostanoids are vasoactive substances: TxA2 and PGF2α are potent
The prostanoids are vasoactive substances: TxA2 and PGF2α are potent vasoconstrictors
The prostanoids PGI 2 and PGE2 are
PGI 2 and PGE2 are vasodilators
PGE2 has 2 functions name them
vasodilation and pyrogen
What is the key initiation and propagation of SIRS?
invading microorganism release PAMPs or DAMPs
what does it mean PAMPS and DAMPs
pathogen-associated molecular patterns [PAMPs])
damage-associated molecular patterns [DAMPs]
who recognize the PAMPs and DAMPs and releases endogenous mediators that drive inflammatory response?
Host cell–associated pattern recognition receptors (PRR s)
What is the name of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome?
MODS
Platelet - Activating Factor is released from cell membrane of which ç?
mononuclear phagocytes
endothelial ç
platelets
phospholips by phosphilipase A2