Chapter 101 - Stifle ARTICLES Flashcards
Fuggazola et al EVJ 2023 What was the primary objective of the study on the equine stifle?
A) To examine the cellular composition of all equine joints
B) To investigate nerve structure in the stifle
C) To analyze biochemical composition and architecture of three differently loaded areas
D) To observe cartilage repair strategies
C) To analyze biochemical composition and architecture of three differently loaded areas
Fuggazola et al EVJ 2023Which locations in the equine stifle were the osteochondral plugs harvested from?
A) Distal intertrochlear groove, lateral trochlear ridge, and medial femoral condyle
B) Medial trochlear ridge, medial meniscus, and patella
C) Lateral femoral condyle, patella, and distal femur
D) Lateral meniscus, medial meniscus, and femoral shaft
A) Distal intertrochlear groove, lateral trochlear ridge, and medial femoral condyle
Fuggazola et al EVJ 2023 What variable showed significant differences among all three cartilage sites?
A) Collagen orientation angle
B) Muscle tension
C) Proteoglycan synthesis rate
D) Glycosaminoglycan content
D) Glycosaminoglycan content
Fuggazola et al EVJ 2023 What did the strongest correlations in the study involve?
A) Glycosaminoglycan content and muscle strength
B) Collagen type and cell density
C) Proteoglycan content with equilibrium and dynamic modulus
D) Muscle content with viscosity
C) Proteoglycan content with equilibrium and dynamic modulus
Fuggazola et al EVJ 2023 Which area showed the highest collagen content in the study?
A) Lateral trochlear ridge
B) Medial femoral condyle
C) Intercondylar notch
D) Patellar ridge
C) Intercondylar notch
B) To describe the clinical and ultrasonographic features of IPL desmopathy What was the primary aim of the retrospective study on intermediate patellar ligament (IPL) desmopathy?
A) To investigate the effect of diet on IPL injuries
B) To describe the clinical and ultrasonographic features of IPL desmopathy
C) To explore surgical treatments for IPL desmopathy
D) To assess muscle development in horses with IPL desmopathy
B) To describe the clinical and ultrasonographic features of IPL desmopathy
Hoaglund et al EVJ 2019 In what region of the IPL was desmopathy most commonly observed in the study?
A) Proximal end
B) Distal end
C) Midbody
D) Entire ligament
C) Midbody
Hoaglund et al EVJ 2019 What percentage of IPL desmopathy cases showed hypoechoic discrete tears?
A) 50%
B) 74%
C) 67%
D) 85%
B) 74%
Hoaglund et al EVJ 2019 How many horses in the study showed ultrasonographic improvement on recheck examination?
A) 0
B) 2
C) 11
D) 13
B) 2
Hoaglund et al EVJ 2019 What was the long-term return-to-work rate for horses diagnosed with IPL desmopathy?
A) 50%
B) 67%
C) 85%
D) 92%
D) 92%
Radtke et al EVJ 2019 What was the primary objective of the study on intra-articular (IA) stifle anaesthesia?
A) To assess the long-term effects of IA anaesthesia on joint health
B) To determine if IA stifle anaesthesia can alleviate lameness originating in the distal limb
C) To evaluate the efficiency of different anaesthetic types
D) To compare lameness in forelimbs and hindlimbs
B) To determine if IA stifle anaesthesia can alleviate lameness originating in the distal limb
Radtke et al EVJ 2019 What method was used to induce moderate unilateral hindlimb lameness in the horses?
A) Treadmill exercise
B) Surgical intervention
C) Weight loading
D) Circumferential hoof clamp
D) Circumferential hoof clamp
Radtke et al EVJ 2019 What percentage of horses showed up to 50% improvement in lameness within 30 minutes after IA stifle anaesthesia?
A) 10%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 90%
B) 30%
Radtke et al EVJ 2019 How was lameness improvement measured in the study?
A) By observing changes in gait speed
B) Using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test on inter-stride differences
C) Recording heart rate changes
D) Assessing pain levels via palpation
B) Using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test on inter-stride differences
Radtke et al EVJ 2019 What did the study conclude regarding the results of IA stifle anaesthesia in lameness cases?
A) It is highly effective for all cases of lameness
B) IA anaesthesia should be used only for foot lameness
C) Additional diagnostics may be needed to rule out distal limb pain
D) Results were consistent across all horses
C) Additional diagnostics may be needed to rule out distal limb pain
Fig 2: Caudolateral-craniomedial 45° radiographic projection of
the stifle region revealing a medial femoral condyle subchondral
bone cyst (white arrow) and an opposing subchondral bone cyst
(black arrow) in the medial tibial plateau. EVE Bonilla Equine bone cysts: What do we know about them and their
treatment?
Aßmann et al VS 2022 What was the main objective of this study?
A) To evaluate recovery time for ligament injuries in horses
B) To develop an alternative to MRI for equine imaging
C) To test new treatments for meniscal and ligament injuries
D) To compare the diagnostic performance of CTA and MRI in detecting artificial meniscal and ligament lesions in horses
D) To compare the diagnostic performance of CTA and MRI in detecting artificial meniscal and ligament lesions in horses
Aßmann et al VS 2022 How many stablike defects were created in total across the menisci, cruciate ligaments (CLs), and meniscotibial ligaments (MTLs)?
A) 19
B) 35
C) 84
D) 24
C) 84
Aßmann et al VS 2022 What was the highest sensitivity achieved by MRI in detecting specific ligament or meniscal lesions?
A) 24%
B) 40%
C) 50%
D) 86%
C) 50%
Aßmann et al VS 2022 Which imaging modality showed a high specificity for detecting lesions?
A) MRI only
B) CTA only
C) Both MRI and CTA
D) Neither MRI nor CTA
C) Both MRI and CTA
Aßmann et al VS 2022 What clinical significance does CTA have according to the study findings?
A) CTA should replace MRI in all equine diagnostic imaging
B) CTA is only effective for meniscal injuries
C) CTA can serve as an adjunct diagnostic tool for cruciate ligament (CL) injuries
D) CTA has lower specificity and sensitivity compared to MRI
C) CTA can serve as an adjunct diagnostic tool for cruciate ligament (CL) injuries
Sloan et al EVJ 2023 What is the primary focus of this study?
A) The effect of training on racing outcomes in juvenile Thoroughbreds
B) The impact of femoropatellar OCD on racing performance in Thoroughbred yearlings
C) The prevalence of OCD in adult racehorses
D) Comparison of various training methods for yearlings
B) The impact of femoropatellar OCD on racing performance in Thoroughbred yearlings
Sloan et al EVJ 2023 Which type of OCD lesions were most commonly identified in the study?
A) Medial trochlear ridge lesions
B) Lateral trochlear ridge lesions
C) Patellar lesions
D) Medial femoral condyle lesions
B) Lateral trochlear ridge lesions
Sloan et al EVJ 2023 What was the main method used to assess the correlation between OCD lesion characteristics and racing performance?
A) Linear regression
B) Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
C) Pearson and Spearman correlations
D) Paired t-tests
C) Pearson and Spearman correlations
Sloan et al EVJ 2023 Which group had a higher percentage of males in the study?
A) The sibling control group
B) The age- and sex-matched sale control group
C) The case group
D) The overall auction group
C) The case group
Sloan et al EVJ 2023 What was one main finding related to racing performance in horses with femoropatellar OCD?
A) There was no significant impact on any racing outcomes
B) Racing outcomes were significantly increased in all metrics
C) There were small decreases in some racing metrics for affected horses
D) All racing outcomes were significantly decreased
C) There were small decreases in some racing metrics for affected horses
Johnson et al EVJ 2023 What was the main objective of this study?
A) To evaluate different breeds’ susceptibility to septic arthritis
B) To report clinical characteristics, surgical management, and outcomes of neonatal foals with meniscal disruption and septic arthritis
C) To compare treatment methods for adult horses with meniscal injuries
D) To analyze the long-term effects of septic arthritis on foal growth
B) To report clinical characteristics, surgical management, and outcomes of neonatal foals with meniscal disruption and septic arthritis
Johnson et al EVJ 2023 Which joint was affected by septic arthritis in the foals studied?
A) Medial femorotibial joint
B) Lateral femorotibial joint
C) Patellofemoral joint
D) Stifle joint
B) Lateral femorotibial joint
Johnson et al EVJ 2023 What diagnostic methods were used to suspect and confirm meniscal pathology?
A) Ultrasonography and MRI
B) MRI and X-ray
C) Ultrasonography, computed tomography (in 2 foals), and arthroscopy
D) Physical examination and blood tests
C) Ultrasonography, computed tomography (in 2 foals), and arthroscopy
Johnson et al EVJ 2023 What postoperative treatment did two of the foals receive in addition to antimicrobials?
A) Corticosteroid injections
B) Intra-articular injections of autologous mesenchymal stem cells
C) Physical therapy
D) Antibiotic ointments
B) Intra-articular injections of autologous mesenchymal stem cells
Johnson et al EVJ 2023 What were the medium-term outcomes for the three foals?
A) All foals fully recovered and showed no signs of lameness
B) Two foals were euthanised due to severe lameness
C) One foal was lame-free as a yearling, one was euthanised, and one had mild lameness at trot
D) All foals showed severe lameness at 6 months
C) One foal was lame-free as a yearling, one was euthanised, and one had mild lameness at trot
Peat et al EVJ 2023 What was the main objective of this study on subchondral lucencies (SCLs) in young Thoroughbred horses?
A) To explore the impact of diet on MFC SCL development
B) To determine the prevalence, progression, and impact of MFC SCLs on racing performance
C) To test new treatment options for MFC SCLs
D) To compare SCL presence in different breeds
B) To determine the prevalence, progression, and impact of MFC SCLs on racing performance
Peat et al EVJ 2023 What percentage of yearlings in the study had MFC SCLs graded 1–3?
A) 2.2%
B) 9.65%
C) 11.2%
D) 78%
B) 9.65%
Peat et al EVJ 2023 How did Grade 1 MFC SCLs in yearlings change by the time of the 2-year-old sale?
A) They always progressed to grade 3
B) They all resolved
C) They either remained unchanged, progressed to grade 2, or resolved
D) They did not change
C) They either remained unchanged, progressed to grade 2, or resolved
Peat et al EVJ 2023 What probability of starting a race did yearlings with a grade 3 MFC SCL have?
A) 58%
B) 78%
C) 84%
D) 95%
B) 78%
Peat et al EVJ 2023 Which of the following outcomes was recorded for yearlings with axial MFC lucencies?
A) All did not race
B) All showed improvement
C) Six out of seven raced
D) Most were disqualified from racing
C) Six out of seven raced
FIGURE 1 US images of Foal 2 (a) on admission with moderate effusion (*) and fibrin formation of the L LFTJ. The LM was abnormal in shape, protruding beyond the level of the tibial/femoral condyles, with a diffuse hypoechoic region within it (arrowhead). Screening radiographs of the L stifle of Foal 2 were taken on admission, findings were unremarkable (b, c). Plain CT of the L stifle of Foal 2 revealed marked distension of the LFTJ with irregularity and sclerosis of the subchondral bone of the LFC and the lateral tibial condyle (d). Contrast CT-arthrogram revealed disruption of the LM caudally, with lateral isplacement (e). At its attachment to the caudal horn of the LM, disruption of the meniscofemoral ligament could be seen (Figure 2f). F, lateral femoral condyle; POP, popliteus tendon; T, lateral tibial condyle.Johnson et al EVJ 2023
FIGURE 2 US images of Foal 1 on admission (a) with marked effusion and fibrin formation within L LFTJ (). The LM was abnormal in
shape, protruding beyond the level of the tibial/femoral condyles (covered by epiphyseal cartilage), with a horizontal hypoechoic line running
through it (arrowheads). (b) shows normal R LFTJ for comparison. (c) shows arthroscopic image of the cranial aspect of the L LFTJ of Foal 1,
the LM can be seen prolapsed and displaced craniolaterally, with fibrin accumulation (), meniscal hyperhaemia and synovial proliferation.
(d) shows probe revealing Grade III tear of LM (#) extending beyond the margin of the lateral femoral condyle. F = lateral femoral condyle;
T = lateral tibial condyle. Johnson et al EVJ 2023
FIGURE 3 CT images of Foal 3, left (normal) stifle (a) for comparison with right (abnormal) stifle (b). The LM was diffusely
abnormal with multiple tears in multiple orientations, primarily within the lateral and caudal aspects (arrows) (b). A large, pyramidal shaped tear of the axial aspect of the caudal horn of the LM was
present, resulting in marked irregularity of the axial margin of the meniscus (arrows) (c). There was a small tear of the distal substance of the cranial cruciate ligament. The margin of the caudal cruciate
ligament was minimally fibrillated (d). (e) shows an arthroscopic image of R LFTJ of Foal 3, the LM can be seen prolapsed and
displaced craniolaterally, with fibrin accumulation. (f) shows Grade
III tear (arrow) of LM extending beyond the margin of the lateral femoral condyle (F, femoral condyle; T, tibia). Johnson et al EVJ 2023
FIGURE 5 Ultrasound images of Foal 3 R LFTJ 3 days after initial presentation (a) and 6 months after initial presentation (b). US 6 months after initial presentation revealed increased synovial effusion within the LFTJ (*) and hypoechoic regions within an abnormally shaped meniscus (arrowheads) (b). The LM position continued to be displaced laterally and was abnormal in appearance with areas of increased echogenicity suggestive of forming mineralisation (arrows) (c). There was a marked palpable thickening and fibrosis over the region of the LM (d). Radiographs of the L stifle 6 months after initial presentation showed the LFC was flattened in appearance with remodelling of the lateral tibial condyle (e). A small radiolucent area (4 × 3 mm) was evident on the lateral tibial plateau, surrounded by a rim of sclerosis (arrow) (f).Johnson et al EVJ 2023
FIGURE 4 Radiograph showing a Jamshidi needle approaching the sternebra for bone marrow aspiration performed under general anaesthesia. This is the first step for production of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) (a). Foals 2 and 3 received 3 US-guided injections of autologous BMSCs, in the subextensorius recess of the affected LFTJs post initial discharge. T, tibia. Johnson et al EVJ 2023
Fig 1: Radiographs obtained at initial examination of the horse showing the size and location of the cyst in the left femur (a,b,c). Two projections of the right femur were taken for comparison (d,e). a and d) caudocranial view, b) lateromedial view, c and e) oblique
caudolateral-craniomedial view in Skov Hensen 2021 EVE
F I G U R E 4 Viewing within the popliteal tunnel. A repeatable
anatomical triad with the lateral femoral condyle (LFC), lateral
meniscus (LM) and popliteal tendon (Pop) evident
F I G U R E 2 Arthroscopic view of the lateral recess of the right
cranial compartment of the lateral femorotibial joint. The green
arrow indicates the caudal and distal direction of the tendon of the
popliteus muscle (P) on the abaxial margin of the lateral femoral
condyle (L). The green circle indicates the position of the proposed
arthroscopic portal for entry into popliteal tunnel. The circle is
located on the cranial edge of the lateral collateral ligament; the
cranial and caudal borders of the latter have been outlined with
green dashed lines
F I G U R E 3 Anatomic dissection with the arthroscope and
cannula in situ for the described lateral portal. The proposed skin
portal (yellow circle) is located on the cranial aspect of the lateral
collateral ligament (LCL) and caudal to the combined origin of the
long digital extensor tendon and peroneus tertius (LDE/PT). The
lateral femoral condyle (LFC) and lateral meniscus (LM) have been
outlined, in addition to the tendinous and muscular portions of the
popliteus (Pop; outlined by green dashed lines)
F I G U R E 5 Intra-articular view of a tear (green arrow) present
within the distal border of the popliteal tendon (Pop). The lateral
meniscus (LM) and tibia (Tib, red arrow) are shown
Fig 2: Severe chondromalacia of the medial femoral condyle with a typical
marked undulating appearance. in Croxford
Fig 1: Caudocranial a) and lateromedial b) radiographic views of the stifle of a
horse with a displaced fracture of the medial intercondylar eminence of the tibia.
The fractured medial intercondylar eminence of the tibia is indicated with an
arrow in b). Rubio-Martinez et al EVJ 2018
FIGURE 2 Caudoproximal
15-craniodistal projections of
two stifles with primary tibial
SCL; arrowheads indicate distal
margin of tibial SCL in all
images. A, Most common
appearance of a lucency in a
young horse in the lateral tibial
condyle. B, Irregular shallow
lucencies of the lateral tibial
condyle and lateral femoral
condyle (black arrow). #, horse
identification No.; SCL,
subchondral lucency
