Chapter 28 - Grafting Flashcards
What is the predominant type of skin disease in horses requiring surgical consultation?
sarcoids, which are neoplastic in origin
What are the clinical subtypes of sarcoids based on their appearance?
- Occult,
- verrucous,
- nodular fibroblastic,
- ulcerative fibroblastic,
- mixed tumors, and
- malevolent.
Which subtype of sarcoid is considered the most aggressive?
Malevolent sarcoids.
Where on the horse’s body do sarcoids commonly occur?
Common sites include the face, distal limbs, neck, ventral abdomen, and areas of previous injury
Which breed of horse is statistically more likely to develop sarcoids?
Quarter Horses and related stock breeds.
What genetic component is associated with the risk of developing equine sarcoids?
Equine leukocyte antigens (ELA) alleles, particularly A3 and W13.
How does age correlate with the development of sarcoids in horses?
Sarcoids generally develop in younger individuals, suggesting a genetic predisposition or exogenous factor.
What virus is closely associated with the presence of sarcoids in horses?
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV).
Do papillomaviruses trigger transformation alone in horses?
No, viral infection alone is not sufficient for transformation; other factors are involved.
What role do the viral proteins E5 and E6 play in the context of sarcoids?
They have the capability to transform cells into a malignancy.
What clinical outcome was observed in 48% of affected Franches-Montagnes horses over a study period of 2 to 5 years?
Spontaneous regression of sarcoids.
Which subtype of sarcoids is more likely to undergo spontaneous regression?
Occult sarcoids.
Why Standardbred are resistant to sarcoids?
The absence of the W13 allele in the Standardbred population may confer relative resistance to sarcoid.
What impact does incomplete or unsuccessful treatment of sarcoids have on future treatments?
It can transform the tumors into a more aggressive phenotype, making them harder to resolve.
What factors complicate the assessment of treatment efficacy for sarcoids?
The variability in treatment success and the lack of controlled early studies.
What is a potential triggering event that may activate a latent viral state in sarcoids?
Previous injury or trauma.
What does the evidence suggest about the relationship between environmental factors and sarcoid occurrence?
Sarcoid occurrence is likely due to a combination of host, viral, and environmental factors.
Why is it challenging to assess the efficacy of treatment options for sarcoids?
Most early studies were not controlled and based on a subset of cases.
What type of sarcoids are commonly referred for treatment?
More aggressive variants or tumors that have recurred after treatment.
What can incomplete or unsuccessful treatment of sarcoids lead to?
Transformation into a more aggressive phenotype.
How successful is surgical excision alone for treating sarcoids, based on reported recurrence rates?
Recurrence rates range from 15.8% to 82%.
What factor may contribute to the low success rates of surgical excision?
The presence of malignant cell projections into surrounding tissue.
What treatment method showed the best success rate in a recent retrospective study?
Electrosurgical excision.
What success rate was reported for laser ablation of sarcoids?
An overall success rate of 83%.