Chapter 18 - Balanced Inhalation Anesthesia Flashcards
What is the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane?
A) 0.88% B) 1.31% C) 2.31% D) 7.6%
B) 1.31%
What percentage of halothane is metabolized by the liver?
A) 0.2% B) 3% C) 5% D) 10%
A) 0.2%
Which inhalation anesthetic has the highest MAC?
A) Isoflurane B) Sevoflurane C) Desflurane D) Halothane
C) Desflurane
What is the typical dose range for lidocaine as a loading dose in horses?
A) 0.1–0.5 mg/kg B) 0.65–2 mg/kg C) 2–4 mg/kg D) 5–10 mg/kg
B) 0.65–2 mg/kg
How much does a CRI of medetomidine reduce MAC during anesthesia with sevoflurane?
A) 15% B) 28% C) 53% D) 70%
C) 53%
What is the duration range of anesthesia in the retrospective study involving medetomidine?
A) 20–60 minutes B) 40–420 minutes C) 60–120 minutes D) 90–180 minutes
B) 40–420 minutes
What is the infusion rate of dexmedetomidine that reduces MAC by 30%?
A) 1.75 μg/kg/h B) 3.5 μg/kg/h C) 5 μg/kg/h D) 10 μg/kg/h
A) 1.75 μg/kg/h
What is the average percentage of lidocaine that reduces MAC of halothane?
A) ≤20% B) 25% C) 50% to 70% D) 80%
C) 50% to 70%
How long before the end of surgery should lidocaine CRI be discontinued?
A) 10 minutes B) 20 minutes C) 30 minutes D) 60 minutes
C) 30 minutes
What percentage of sevoflurane MAC reduction is achieved with a loading dose of lidocaine?
A) 10% B) 25% C) 27% D) 50%
C) 27%
What is the fatality rate risk increase for horses undergoing emergency surgery?
A) 1.5-fold B) 2-fold C) Several-fold D) 10-fold
C) Several-fold
What is the primary reason for fatalities in horses undergoing modern inhalant anesthesia?
A) Cardiac arrest B) Fractures during recovery C) Anesthetic overdose D) Respiratory failure
B) Fractures during recovery
What type of molecule is isoflurane classified as?
A) Analgesic B) Inhalation anesthetic C) Opioid D) Local anesthetic
B) Inhalation anesthetic
What is the recommended infusion rate for lidocaine during CRI?
A) 10 μg/kg/min B) 25–50 μg/kg/min C) 100 μg/kg/min D) 150 μg/kg/min
B) 25–50 μg/kg/min
What is the effect of α2-adrenoreceptor agonists on the MAC of inhalation agents?
A) Increases MAC B) Decreases MAC C) No effect on MAC D) MAC is halved
B) Decreases MAC
What is the typical half-life of medetomidine?
A) 10 minutes B) 20 minutes C) 30 minutes D) Varies widely
D) Varies widely
What is the blood gas solubility characteristic of modern inhalation anesthetics?
A) Highly soluble B) Low solubility C) Moderate solubility D) Variable solubility
B) Low solubility
Which inhalation anesthetic has the lowest MAC value?
A) Isoflurane B) Sevoflurane C) Desflurane D) Halothane
D) Halothane
How much does desflurane reduce cardiac output at 1 MAC?
A) No effect B) 10% decrease C) 20% decrease D) 50% decrease
A) No effect
What is the common outcome when lidocaine is administered during anesthesia?
A) Increased MAC B) Enhanced cardiovascular function C) Reduced volatile agent requirements D) Prolonged recovery time
C) Reduced volatile agent requirements
What is the typical loading dose of lidocaine for effective plasma levels?
A) 0.5 mg/kg B) 1.0 mg/kg C) 1.3 mg/kg D) 2.0 mg/kg
C) 1.3 mg/kg
What is the effect of lidocaine on intestinal motility?
A) Decreases motility B) Increases motility C) No effect D) Variable effects
B) Increases motility
What should be monitored when administering α2-adrenoreceptor agonists?
A) Urine production B) Blood glucose C) Electrolytes D) Temperature
A) Urine production
for how long can negatively effect the cardiopulmonary function alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonist?
20 to120 minutes
Which α2-adrenoreceptor agonist is commonly used in equine anesthesia?
A) Romifidine B) Xylazine C) Detomidine D) All of the above
D) All of the above
What percentage of horses showed improved recovery quality with medetomidine compared to lidocaine?
A) 10% B) 25% C) 30% D) Better recovery with medetomidine
D) Better recovery with medetomidine
What is the consequence of using a bolus of medetomidine in standing horses?
A) Longer anesthesia time B) Minimal impact on heart rate C) Significant drop in blood pressure D) Increased heart rate
B) Minimal impact on heart rate
Which modern inhalation anesthetic is characterized by rapid uptake in young animals?
A) Halothane B) Isoflurane C) Sevoflurane D) Desflurane
D) Desflurane
What is the recommended CRI rate for dexmedetomidine?
A) 1 μg/kg/h B) 3.5 μg/kg/h C) 5 μg/kg/h D) 10 μg/kg/h
B) 3.5 μg/kg/h
In a clinical study, which anesthetic combination resulted in higher cardiac index?
A) Lidocaine/isoflurane B) Medetomidine/isoflurane C) Dexmedetomidine/sevoflurane D) Romifidine/halothane
A) Lidocaine/isoflurane
What is the common usage of urinary catheters in α2-adrenoreceptor agonist anesthesia?
A) To reduce infection risk B) To manage increased urine output C) For ease of monitoring D) To prevent urinary retention
B) To manage increased urine output
What is the effect of halothane on cardiac output?
A) Minimal effect B) Significant depression C) Increased output D) Variable effects
B) Significant depression
What is the potential risk with using high-dose lidocaine in compromised patients?
A) Cardiac arrest B) Toxicity C) Delayed recovery D) Increased MAC
B) Toxicity
How does recovery quality differ between medetomidine and lidocaine?
A) Medetomidine provides worse recovery B) Lidocaine provides better recovery C) Medetomidine provides better recovery D) No difference in recovery
C) Medetomidine provides better recovery
What is the key advantage of using modern inhalation anesthetics over halothane?
A) Higher potency B) Lower blood gas solubility C) Increased metabolic rate D) Higher toxicity
B) Lower blood gas solubility
How much does sevoflurane MAC reduce when lidocaine is used?
A) 10% B) 15% C) 25% D) 27%
D) 27%
What is the overall aim of balanced anesthesia techniques in horses?
A) Faster recovery B) Reduced surgical time C) Minimized perianesthetic complications D) Increased depth of anesthesia
C) Minimized perianesthetic complications
Which combination provides a better quality of recovery than lidocaine?
A) Ketamine B) Medetomidine C) Xylazine D) All of the above
B) Medetomidine
