Chap 4

Question 1

aden/o

Answer 1

gland

adenoma: tumor of a gland
The suffix -oma means tumor or mass.

adenitis: inflamation of a gland
The suffix -itis means inflammation.

Question 2

carp/o

Answer 2

wrist bones

Question 3

cib/o

Answer 3

meals

Question 4

cis/o

Answer 4

to cut

Question 5

cost/o

Answer 5

rib

Question 6

cutane/o

Answer 6

skin

Question 7

dactyl/o

Answer 7

fingers, toes

Question 8

duct/o

Answer 8

to lead, carry

Question 9

flex/o

Answer 9

to bend

Question 10

furc/o

Answer 10

forking, branching

Question 11

gloss/o

Answer 11

tongue

Question 12

glyc/o

Answer 12

sugar

Question 13

immuno/o

Answer 13

protection

Question 14

morpho/o

Answer 14

shape, form

Question 15

mort/o

Answer 15

death

Question 16

nat/i

Answer 16

birth

Question 17

nect/o

Answer 17

to bind, tie, connect

Question 18

norm/o

Answer 18

rule, order

Question 19

ox/o

Answer 19

oxygen

Question 20

pub/o

Answer 20

pubis (pubic bone); anterior portion of the pelvic or hipbone

Question 21

seps/o

Answer 21

infection

Question 22

somn/o

Answer 22

sleep

Question 23

son/o

Answer 23

sound

Question 24

the/o

Answer 24

to put, place

Question 25

thel/o, theli/o

Answer 25

nipple

Question 26

thyr/o

Answer 26

thyroid gland; shield (the shape of the thyroid gland resembled [-oid] a shield to those who named it)

Question 27

top/o

Answer 27

place, position, location

Question 28

tox/o

Answer 28

poison

Question 29

trache/o

Answer 29

windpipe, trachea

Question 30

urethr/o

Answer 30

urethra

Question 31

-blast

Answer 31

embryonic, immature

Question 32

-crine

Answer 32

to secrete

Question 33

-drome

Answer 33

to run

Question 34

-fusion

Answer 34

coming together, to pour

Question 35

-gen

Answer 35

substance that produces

Question 36

-lapse

Answer 36

to slide, fall, sag

Question 37

-lysis

Answer 37

breakdown, destruction, separation

Question 38

-meter

Answer 38

to measure

Question 39

-mission

Answer 39

to send

Question 40

-or

Answer 40

one who

Question 41

-oxia

Answer 41

oxygen

Question 42

-partum

Answer 42

birth, labor

Question 43

-phoria

Answer 43

to bear, carry; feeling (mental state)

Question 44

-physis

Answer 44

to grow

Question 45

-plasia

Answer 45

development, formation, growth

Question 46

-plasm

Answer 46

structure or formation

Question 47

-pnea

Answer 47

breathing

Question 48

-ptosis

Answer 48

falling, drooping, prolapse

Question 49

-rrhea

Answer 49

flow, discharge

Question 50

-stasis

Answer 50

stopping, controlling

Question 51

-trophy

Answer 51

development, nourishment

Question 52

ad-

Answer 52

toward

adductor: a muscle that draws a limb toward the body.

Memory tip: notice that in adductor, the d faces toward the a.

Question 53

ana-

Answer 53

up, apart

anabolism: process of building up proteins in cells
analysis: separation of a substance into various parts.

Urinalysis (urin/o + analysis) is a laboratory examination of urine that aids in the diagnosis of many medical conditions. In this term, -lysis means separation.

Question 54

ante-

Answer 54

before, forward

ante cibum: (a.c.) before meals

The notation a.c., seen on prescription orders, means before meals.

Question 55

anti-

Answer 55

against

antibiotic: chemical substance that has the ability to inhibit or destroy foreign organisms in the body.

Antibiotics destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria. Penicillin was the first antibiotic (discovered in immature plants called molds).

Question 56

anti-

Answer 56

against

antibody: protein made by white blood cells in response to foreign substances (antigens) in the blood.

Protein produced against an antigen (foreign body).

Question 57

anti-

Answer 57

against

antigen: substance that stimulates the production of antibodies.

In this term, anti- is short for antibody. An antigen (bacterium or virus) is a substance that produces (-gen) an antibody.

Question 58

anti-

Answer 58

against

antisepsis: destruction of microorganisms to prevent infection

An antiseptic (-sis changes to -tic to form an adjective) substance fights infection.

Question 59

anti-

Answer 59

against

antitoxin: substance produced against a toxin (poison); an antibody.

This is an antibody, often from an animal (such as a horse), that acts against a toxin. An example is tetanus antitoxin given against tetanus, an acute bacterial infection of the nervous system.

Question 60

auto-

Answer 60

self, own

autoimmune disease: antibodies that are produced against an individual’s own normal cells.

Question 61

bi-

Answer 61

two

bifurcation: branching or forking into two parts

Normal splitting into two branches, such as bifurcation of the trachea to form the bon chi.

Question 62

bi-

Answer 62

two

bilateral: pertaining to both or two sides

Question 63

brady-

Answer 63

slow

bradycardia: slow heartbeat

Usually a heartbeat of less that 60; a slow heart rate.

Question 64

cata-

Answer 64

down

catabolism: cellular process of breaking down of a complex substance into simple compounds. Energy is released to do the work of the cell.

Question 65

con-

Answer 65

with, together

congenital anomaly: abnormality present at birth; birth defect.

Question 66

con-

Answer 66

with, together

connective: tissue that supports and binds other tissues and parts. ex.: bone, cartilage, muscle or fibrous tissues.

Question 67

contra-

Answer 67

against, opposite

contraindication: a factor that prohibits the administration of a drug or procedure

Contra- means against in this term.

Question 68

contra-

Answer 68

against, opposite

contralateral: affecting the opposite side of a part of the body.

Contra- means opposite in this term. A stroke affecting the right side of the brain may cause contralateral paralysis affecting the left arm and leg. The opposite of contralateral is ipsilateral. (ipsi- means the same).

Question 69

de-

Answer 69

down, lack of

dehydration: excessive loss of water

Question 70

dia-

Answer 70

through, complete

diameter: measurement between opposites points on the periphery of a circular body part (eg. blood vessel or intestine).

Question 71

dia-

Answer 71

through, complete

diarrhea: frequent passage of loose watery stools.

Question 72

dia-

Answer 72

through, complete

dialysis: separation of nitrogenous wastes from the blood when the kidneys no longer function.

Question 73

dia-

Answer 73

through, complete

Literal meaning is complete (dia-) separation (-lysis). In hemodialysis, waste materials are separated from the blood via a machine (artificial kidney) when the kidneys no longer function.

Question 74

dys-

Answer 74

bad, painful, difficult, abnormal

dyspnea: difficult breathing

Often caused by respiratory or cardiac conditions, strenuous exercise, or anxiety.

Question 75

dys-

Answer 75

bad, painful, difficult, abnormal

dysplasia: condition of abnormal formation

Question 76

ec-, ecto-

Answer 76

out, outside

ectopic pregnancy: pregnancy that is not in the normal location (uterus); a fallopian tube is the most common ectopic site.

Ectopic means pertaining to out of place and modifies the noun “pregnancy.”

Question 77

endo-

Answer 77

in, within

endocardium: inner lining of the heart.

Question 78

endo-

Answer 78

in, within

endoscope: instrument to visually examine the interior of the body.

Question 79

endo-

Answer 79

in, within

endotracheal: pertaining to within the trachea

An endotracheal tube, placed through the mouth into the trachea, is used for giving oxygen and in general anesthesia procedures.

Question 80

epi-

Answer 80

upon, on, above

epithelium: layer of cells covering the external surface of the body and lining the hollow tubes within the body

Question 81

eu-

Answer 81

good, normal

euphoria: exaggerated feeling of well-being; elevated mood, “high.”

Question 82

eu-

Answer 82

good, normal

euthyroid: normal thyroid function

Question 83

ex-

Answer 83

out, outside, away from

exophthalmos: protrusion of the eyeball

Protrusion of the eyeball associated with enlargement and overactivity of the thyroid gland; also called proptosis (pro- = forward, -ptosis = prolapse).

Question 84

hemi-

Answer 84

half

hemiglossectomy: removal (resection) of half the tongue

Question 85

hyper-

Answer 85

excessive, above

hyperglycemia: high levels of sugar in bloodstream.

This is a sign of diabetes mellitus. Lack of insulin (type 1 diabetes) or ineffective insulin (type 2 diabetes) causes high levels of sugar in the blood.

Question 86

hyper-

Answer 86

excessive, above

hyperplasia: condition of increased formation of cells.

Increase in cell numbers. Hyperplasia is a characteristic of tumour growth.

Question 87

hyper-

Answer 87

excessive, above

hypertrophy: increase in size of tissue or an organ due to increase in size of individual cells.

Increase in size of individual cells. Muscle, cardiac, and renal cells exhibit hypertrophy when workload is increased.

Question 88

hypo-

Answer 88

deficient, under

hypodermic injection: placement of needle below the skin.

Question 89

hypo-

Answer 89

deficient, under

hypoglycemia: low/deficient levels of sugar in bloodstream.

Question 90

in-

Answer 90

not

insomniac: pertaining to without sleep; an insomniac is a person who cannot sleep.

Question 91

in-

Answer 91

into, within

incision: process of cutting into or making an incision.

Question 92

infra-

Answer 92

beneath, under, inferior to, below

infracostal: pertaining to below the ribs

Question 93

inter-

Answer 93

between

intercostal: pertaining to between the ribs

Intercostal muscles lie between adjacent ribs.

Question 94

intra-

Answer 94

in, within, into

intravenous: pertaining to within a vein

Question 95

macro-

Answer 95

large

macrocephaly: condition of a larger than normal head.

This is a congenital anomaly.

Question 96

mal-

Answer 96

bad

malaise: general feeling of bodily discomfort

This is a French word meaning discomfort. It is a symptom of illness often marking the onset of a disease.

Question 97

mal-

Answer 97

bad

malignant: cancerous; harmful

From the latin ignis, meaning fire. Benign (ben- = good) is noncancerous, whereas malignant means cancerous.

Question 98

meta-

Answer 98

beyond, change

metacarpal bones: hand bones

The five hand bones lie beyond the wrist bones but before the finger bones (phalanges).

Question 99

meta-

Answer 99

beyond, change

metamorphosis: conditions of change of shape or form

Meta- means change in this term. The change in development from the larval (caterpillar) stage to the adult (butterfly) is a form of metamorphosis. Embryonic (immature) stem cells spontaneously change (undergo metamorphosis) to form different types of mature cells.

Question 100

meta-

Answer 100

beyond, change

metastasis: spread of malignant tumour beyond its original location to a distant site.

Meta- = beyond and =stasis = controlling, stopping. A metastasis is a malignant tumour that has spread to a secondary location.

Question 101

micro-

Answer 101

small

microscope: instrument to view small projects

Question 102

neo-

Answer 102

new

neonatal: pertaining to a new birth

The neonatal period is the interval from birth to 28 days.

Question 103

neo-

Answer 103

new

neoplasm: new growth

A neoplasm may be benign or malignant.

Question 104

pan-

Answer 104

all

pancytopenia: deficiency of all blood cells

Deficiency of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.

Question 105

para-

Answer 105

abnormal, beside, near

paralysis: destruction of nerve tissue leading to loss of sensation or motion in a body part

Abnormal disruption of the connection between nerve and muscle. Originally from the Greek paralysis, meaning separation or loosening on one side, describing the loss of movement on one side of the body (occurring in stroke patients).

Question 106

para-

Answer 106

abnormal, beside, near

parathyroid glands: four endocrine glands on the posterior (dorsal) region of the thyroid gland

Para- means beside. The four parathyroid glands are located behind the thyroid gland. They secrete a hormone that regulates the calcium levels in blood and tissues.

Question 107

per-

Answer 107

through

percutaneous: pertaining to through the skin

Question 108

peri-

Answer 108

surrounding

pericardium: double-layered membrane surrounding the heart

Question 109

peri-

Answer 109

surrounding

periosteum: membrane surrounding bones

Question 110

poly-

Answer 110

many, much

polymorphonuclear: pertaining to a multi-lobed nucleas (in granulocytic) white blood cells.

Question 111

poly-

Answer 111

many, much

polyneuritis: inflammation of many nerves

Question 112

post-

Answer 112

after, behind

postmortem: after death

Question 113

post-

Answer 113

after, behind

postpartum: after birth

Question 114

pre-

Answer 114

before, in front of

precancerous: pertaining to occurring before a malignant condition.

Question 115

pre-

Answer 115

before, in front of

prenatal: pertaining to before birth

Question 116

pro-

Answer 116

before, forward

prodrome: symptom that appears before the onset of a more serious illness

Prodromal signs and symptoms (rash, fever) appear before the actual illness (such as chickenpox) and signal its onset. Altered mood, fatigue, flashes of light, or stiff muscles may accompany the prodromal migraine aura that occurs before the actual headache.

Question 117

pro-

Answer 117

before, forward

prolapse: sliding forward or downward

The suffix -lapse means to slide, sag, or fall.

Question 118

pros-

Answer 118

before, forward

prosthesis: an artificial limb

An artificial limb is a prosthesis.

Question 119

re-

Answer 119

back, again

relapse: sliding or falling back; as in recurrence of symptoms or decline after apparent recovery

A disease or its signs and symptoms return after an apparent recovery.

Question 120

re-

Answer 120

back, again

remission: disappearance of symptoms of a disease

Signs and symptoms lessen and the patient feels better. Remission may be spontaneous or the result of treatment. In some cases a permanent remission means the disease is cured.

Question 121

re-

Answer 121

back, again

recombinant DNA: insertion of a gene (region of DNA) from an organism into the DNA of another organism

Genetic engineering uses recombinant DNA techniques.

Question 122

retro-

Answer 122

behind, backwards

retroperitoneal: pertaining to behind the peritoneum (membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity)

Question 123

retro-

Answer 123

behind, backwards

retroflexion: bending backwards

An abnormal position of an organ, such as the uterus, bent or tilted backward.

Question 124

sub-

Answer 124

under

subcutaneous: pertaining to under the skin

Question 125

supra-

Answer 125

above, upper

suprapubic: pertaining to above the pubic bones

The pubis is one of a pair of pubic bones that forms the anterior part of the pelvic (hip) bone.

Question 126

syn-, sym-

Answer 126

together, with

syndactyly: fusion of fingers or toes

A hereditary, congenital anomaly of fingers or toes.

Question 127

syn, sym-

Answer 127

together, with

synthesis: combination of simple substances to create something new and more complex

In protein synthesis, complex proteins are built up from simpler amino acids.

Question 128

syn-, sym-

Answer 128

together, with

syndrome: group of symptoms that occur together indicating a particular condition or disorder

Question 129

syn-, sym-

Answer 129

together, with

symbiosis: close association between organisms of different species or a state in which two people are emotionally dependent on each other

Question 130

syn-, sym-

Answer 130

together, with

symmetry: equality of parts, literally measured together

Equality of parts on opposite sides of the body. What is asymmetry?

Question 131

syn-, sym-,

Answer 131

together, with

symphysis: Bones that grow together separated by a piece of fibrocartilage. The pubic symphysis of the pelvis is an example.

A symphysis is a joint in which the bony surfaces are firmly united by a layer of fibrocartilage.

Question 132

tachy-

Answer 132

fast

tachypnea: excessively fast breathing

Question 133

trans-

Answer 133

across, through

transfusion: transfer of blood from one person to another.

Question 134

trans-

Answer 134

across, through

transurethral: pertaining to across or through the urethra

Question 135

ultra-

Answer 135

beyond, excess

ultrasonography: the use of high frequency sound waves to produce a record or a picture of an organ or tissue

Question 136

uni-

Answer 136

one

unilateral: pertaining to one side