Chap 18, Endocrine System, Terminology, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes: Related Terms

Question 1

andr/o

Answer 1

male

Question 2

androgen

Answer 2

Hormone producing or stimulating male characteristics (e.g. testosterone)

Androgens are produced by the testes in males and by the adrenal cortex in males and females.

Question 3

calc/o, calci/o

Answer 3

calcium

Question 4

hypercalcemia

Answer 4

Increased calcium in the blood.

Question 5

hypocalcemia

Answer 5

Decreased levels of calcium in the blood.

Question 6

hypercalciuria

Answer 6

High levels of calcium in urine.

Question 7

cortic/o

Answer 7

cortex, outer region

Question 8

corticosteroid

Answer 8

Any of the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.

Question 9

crin/o

Answer 9

secrete

Question 10

endocrinologist

Answer 10

Specialist in diagnosis and treatment of endocrine gland disorders.

Question 11

dips/o

Answer 11

thirst

Question 12

polydipsia

Answer 12

Condition of excessive thirst. Poly- means many or increased. Uncontrolled diabetes (mellitus or insipidus) causes increased thirst.

Question 13

estr/o

Answer 13

female

Question 14

estrogenic

Answer 14

Pertaining to having properties similar to estrogen.

Question 15

gluc/o

Answer 15

sugar

Question 16

glucagon

Answer 16

Hormone from the pancreas that causes sugar to be released into the bloodstream when sugar levels are low. In this term, -agon means to assemble or gather together. Glucagon raises blood sugar by stimulating its release from glycogen (starch) into the bloodstream.

Question 17

glyc/o

Answer 17

sugar

Question 18

hyperglycemia

Answer 18

Blood condition of increased sugar.

Question 19

glycemic

Answer 19

Pertains to sugar in the blood. A patient with diabetes mellitus requires glycemic control.

Question 20

glycogen

Answer 20

An animal starch; produced from sugar by the liver. The liver also converts it (glycogen) back to glucose. Glucagon promotes glycogenolysis.

Question 21

home/o

Answer 21

sameness

Question 22

homeostasis

Answer 22

State of equilibrium (constancy) of the body’s internal environment. The suffix -stasis means to control.

Question 23

hormon/o

Answer 23

hormone

Question 24

hormonal

Answer 24

Pertaining to hormones.

Question 25

kal/i

Answer 25

potassium

Question 26

hypokalemia

Answer 26

Low levels of potassium (K+) in the blood. This condition can occur in dehydration and with excessive vomiting and diarrhea. The heart is particularly sensitive to potassium loss.

Question 27

lact/o

Answer 27

milk

Question 28

prolactin

Answer 28

Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) that promotes the growth of breast tissue and stimulates milk production. The suffix -in means a substance.

Question 29

myx/o

Answer 29

mucus

Question 30

myxedema

Answer 30

Condition of mucous-like swelling of the face and soft tissues; due to hyposecretion of the thyroid gland in adults. Mucus-like material accumulates under the skin.

Question 31

natr/o

Answer 31

sodium (Na+)

Question 32

hyponatremia

Answer 32

Blood condition of deficiency of sodium. Occurs with hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex as salts and water leave the body.

Question 33

phys/o

Answer 33

growing

Question 34

hypophysectomy

Answer 34

Removal of the pituitary gland. The hypophysis is the pituitary gland, which is so named because it grows from the undersurface (hypo-) of the brain.

Abnormal pituitary gland tissue is removed with instruments passed through the nasal passages and an opening created in the sphenoid bone (transsphenoidal hypophysectomy). The gland is removed to slow the growth of endocrine-dependent malignant tumors or to excise a pituitary tumor. Other treatments to destroy pituitary tissue include radiation therapy, radioactive implants, and cryosurgery.

Question 35

somat/o

Answer 35

body

Question 36

somatotropin

Answer 36

Growth hormone (GH) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland; stimulates growth of bones and tissues.

Question 37

ster/o

Answer 37

solid structure

Question 38

steroid

Answer 38

An organic (containing carbon) compound. This solid, ring-shaped molecule resembles a sterol (such as cholesterol); many hormones (androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids) bile acids, and vitamin D are steroids.

Question 39

toc/o

Answer 39

childbirth

Question 40

oxytocin

Answer 40

Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis); stimulates childbirth. Oxy- means rapid.

Question 41

toxic/o

Answer 41

poison

Question 42

thyrotoxicosis

Answer 42

Condition caused by excessive thyroid gland activity and oversecretion of thyroid hormone. Signs and symptoms are sweating, weight loss, tachycardia, and nervousness.

Question 43

ur/o

Answer 43

urine

Question 44

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 44

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) hormone that affects the kidneys and reduces water loss.

Question 45

-agon

Answer 45

assemble, gather together

Question 46

glucagon

Answer 46

Hormone from the pancreas that “assembles” sugar from starch and increases blood sugar when it is low.

Question 47

-emia

Answer 47

blood condition

Question 48

hypoglycemia

Answer 48

low levels of sugar in the blood.

Question 49

-in, -ine

Answer 49

substance

Question 50

epinephrine

Answer 50

Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases blood pressure and heart rate, dilates bronchial tubes, and releases glucose (sugars) from glycogen (animal starch, storage substance) when the body needs it for more energy.

Question 51

-tropin

Answer 51

stimulating the function of (to turn or act on)

Question 52

adrenocorticotropin

Answer 52

Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release hormones. The ending -tropic is the adjective form (adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH)

Question 53

-uria

Answer 53

urine condition

Question 54

glycosuria

Answer 54

Condition of sugar in the urine. Sign of diabetes mellitus.

Question 55

eu-

Answer 55

good, normal

Question 56

euthyroid

Answer 56

Normal thyroid function.

Question 57

hyper-

Answer 57

excessive; above

Question 58

hyperkalemia

Answer 58

high levels of potassium in blood. Seen in acute renal failure, massive trauma, and major burns.

Question 59

-hypo

Answer 59

deficient; below; under; less than normal

Question 60

hypoinsulinism

Answer 60

low levels of insulin. Deficient secretion of insulin by the pancreas.

Question 61

oxy-

Answer 61

rapid, sharp, acid

{Oxy/o Meaning Acid: In 1774, the French scientist Antoine Lavoisier named a new gas oxygen because he incorrectly believed that the gas was an essential part of all acids.}

Question 62

oxytocin

Answer 62

Hormone from the neurohypophysis that stimulates childbirth

Question 63

pan-

Answer 63

all

Question 64

panhypopituitarism

Answer 64

Condition of deficient secretion of all hormones from the pituitary gland.

Question 65

poly-

Answer 65

many or increased

Question 66

polyuria

Answer 66

Excessive urine production. This is a sign of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or insipidus.

Question 67

tetra-

Answer 67

four

Question 68

tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine (T4)

Answer 68

Thyroid gland hormone containing 4 atoms of iodine; thyroxine. Iod/o or iod/o means iodine. This hormone, secreted by the thyroid gland, increases metabolism in cells.

Question 69

tri-

Answer 69

three

Question 70

triiodothyronine (T3)

Answer 70

Thyroid gland hormone containing 3 atoms of iodine. This hormone, secreted by the thyroid gland, increases metabolism in cells.

Question 71

Potassium and Sodium

Answer 71

In patient charts, potassium is abbreviated as K and sodium is abbreviated as Na. As electrolytes, they are written as K+ and Na+.