Chap 18, Endocrine System, Terminology, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes: Related Terms Flashcards
andr/o
male
androgen
Hormone producing or stimulating male characteristics (e.g. testosterone)
Androgens are produced by the testes in males and by the adrenal cortex in males and females.
calc/o, calci/o
calcium
hypercalcemia
Increased calcium in the blood.
hypocalcemia
Decreased levels of calcium in the blood.
hypercalciuria
High levels of calcium in urine.
cortic/o
cortex, outer region
corticosteroid
Any of the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.
crin/o
secrete
endocrinologist
Specialist in diagnosis and treatment of endocrine gland disorders.
dips/o
thirst
polydipsia
Condition of excessive thirst. Poly- means many or increased. Uncontrolled diabetes (mellitus or insipidus) causes increased thirst.
estr/o
female
estrogenic
Pertaining to having properties similar to estrogen.
gluc/o
sugar
glucagon
Hormone from the pancreas that causes sugar to be released into the bloodstream when sugar levels are low. In this term, -agon means to assemble or gather together. Glucagon raises blood sugar by stimulating its release from glycogen (starch) into the bloodstream.
glyc/o
sugar
hyperglycemia
Blood condition of increased sugar.
glycemic
Pertains to sugar in the blood. A patient with diabetes mellitus requires glycemic control.
glycogen
An animal starch; produced from sugar by the liver. The liver also converts it (glycogen) back to glucose. Glucagon promotes glycogenolysis.
home/o
sameness
homeostasis
State of equilibrium (constancy) of the body’s internal environment. The suffix -stasis means to control.
hormon/o
hormone
hormonal
Pertaining to hormones.
kal/i
potassium
hypokalemia
Low levels of potassium (K+) in the blood. This condition can occur in dehydration and with excessive vomiting and diarrhea. The heart is particularly sensitive to potassium loss.
lact/o
milk
prolactin
Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) that promotes the growth of breast tissue and stimulates milk production. The suffix -in means a substance.
myx/o
mucus
myxedema
Condition of mucous-like swelling of the face and soft tissues; due to hyposecretion of the thyroid gland in adults. Mucus-like material accumulates under the skin.
natr/o
sodium (Na+)
hyponatremia
Blood condition of deficiency of sodium. Occurs with hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex as salts and water leave the body.
phys/o
growing
hypophysectomy
Removal of the pituitary gland. The hypophysis is the pituitary gland, which is so named because it grows from the undersurface (hypo-) of the brain.
Abnormal pituitary gland tissue is removed with instruments passed through the nasal passages and an opening created in the sphenoid bone (transsphenoidal hypophysectomy). The gland is removed to slow the growth of endocrine-dependent malignant tumors or to excise a pituitary tumor. Other treatments to destroy pituitary tissue include radiation therapy, radioactive implants, and cryosurgery.
somat/o
body
somatotropin
Growth hormone (GH) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland; stimulates growth of bones and tissues.
ster/o
solid structure
steroid
An organic (containing carbon) compound. This solid, ring-shaped molecule resembles a sterol (such as cholesterol); many hormones (androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids) bile acids, and vitamin D are steroids.
toc/o
childbirth
oxytocin
Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis); stimulates childbirth. Oxy- means rapid.
toxic/o
poison
thyrotoxicosis
Condition caused by excessive thyroid gland activity and oversecretion of thyroid hormone. Signs and symptoms are sweating, weight loss, tachycardia, and nervousness.
ur/o
urine
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) hormone that affects the kidneys and reduces water loss.
-agon
assemble, gather together
glucagon
Hormone from the pancreas that “assembles” sugar from starch and increases blood sugar when it is low.
-emia
blood condition
hypoglycemia
low levels of sugar in the blood.
-in, -ine
substance
epinephrine
Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases blood pressure and heart rate, dilates bronchial tubes, and releases glucose (sugars) from glycogen (animal starch, storage substance) when the body needs it for more energy.
-tropin
stimulating the function of (to turn or act on)
adrenocorticotropin
Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release hormones. The ending -tropic is the adjective form (adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH)
-uria
urine condition
glycosuria
Condition of sugar in the urine. Sign of diabetes mellitus.
eu-
good, normal
euthyroid
Normal thyroid function.
hyper-
excessive; above
hyperkalemia
high levels of potassium in blood. Seen in acute renal failure, massive trauma, and major burns.
-hypo
deficient; below; under; less than normal
hypoinsulinism
low levels of insulin. Deficient secretion of insulin by the pancreas.
oxy-
rapid, sharp, acid
{Oxy/o Meaning Acid: In 1774, the French scientist Antoine Lavoisier named a new gas oxygen because he incorrectly believed that the gas was an essential part of all acids.}
oxytocin
Hormone from the neurohypophysis that stimulates childbirth
pan-
all
panhypopituitarism
Condition of deficient secretion of all hormones from the pituitary gland.
poly-
many or increased
polyuria
Excessive urine production. This is a sign of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or insipidus.
tetra-
four
tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine (T4)
Thyroid gland hormone containing 4 atoms of iodine; thyroxine. Iod/o or iod/o means iodine. This hormone, secreted by the thyroid gland, increases metabolism in cells.
tri-
three
triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroid gland hormone containing 3 atoms of iodine. This hormone, secreted by the thyroid gland, increases metabolism in cells.
Potassium and Sodium
In patient charts, potassium is abbreviated as K and sodium is abbreviated as Na. As electrolytes, they are written as K+ and Na+.
