Chap 11, Cardiovascular System Flashcards by Viki Proestakis

aorta

Largest artery in the body.

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arteriole

Small artery.

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artery

Largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. Notice that artery and away begin with an “a.”

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atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

Specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them. His is pronounced “hiss.”

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atrioventricular node (AV node)

Specialized tissue in the wall between the atria. Electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker (SA node) through the AV node and the atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His toward the ventricles.

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atrium (plural: atria)

One of two upper chambers of the heart

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capillary

Smallest blood vessel. Materials pass to and from the bloodstream through the thin capillary walls.

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carbon dioxide

Gas (waste) released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation.

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deoxygenated blood

Blood that is oxygen-poor.

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diastole

Relaxation phase of the heartbeat.

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electrocardiogram, EKG or ECG

Record of the electricity flowing through the heart. The electricity is represented by waves or deflections called P, QRS, or T.

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endocardium

Inner lining of the heart.

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endothelium

Innermost lining of blood vessels.

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mitral valve

Valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve.

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murmur

abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves.

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myocardium

Muscular, middle layer of the heart.

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normal sinus rhythm

Heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a rate in patients at rest of 60 to 100 beats per minute.

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oxygen

Gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells.

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sinoatrial node, or SA node (pacemaker)

Pacemaker of the heart. Specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat. An artificial cardiac pacemaker is an electronic apparatus implanted in the chest to stimulate heart muscle that is weak and not functioning.

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pericardium

Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.

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pulmonary artery

Artery carrying deoxygenated (oxygen-poor blood) from the heart to the lungs.

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pulmonary circulation

Flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

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pulmonary valve

valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.

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pulmonary vein

One of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

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pulse

Beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries.

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septum (plural: septa)

Partition or wall dividing a cavity; such as between the

1) right and left atria (interatrial septum), and
2) right and left ventricles (interventricular septum).

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apex of the heart

Lower tip of the heart.

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sphygmomanometer

Instrument to measure blood pressure.

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systemic circulation

Flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues.

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systole

Contraction phase of the heartbeat.

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tricuspid valve

Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle; it has three (tri-) leaflets, or cusps.

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valve

Structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in only one direction.

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vein

Thin-walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back to the heart. Veins contain valves to prevent backflow of blood.

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vena cava (plural: venae cavae)

Largest vein in the body. The superior and inferior venae cavae return blood to the right atrium of the heart.

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ventricle

One of two lower chambers of the heart.

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venule

Small vein.

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angi/o

vessel

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angiogram

x-ray record of a blood vessel

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angioplasty

surgical repair of a blood vessel

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aort/o

aorta

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vessel (blood)

angi/o (use with -ectomy, genesis, -gram, -graphy, -oma, -plasty, -spasm)

vas/o (use with -constriction, -dilation, -motor)

vascul/o (use with -ar, -itis)

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aortic stenosis

narrowing of the aorta

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arter/o, arteri/o

artery

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arteriosclerosis

hardening of an artery with collection of fatty plaque

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arterial anastomosis

surgical connection between two arteries

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arteriography

x-ray recording of arteries; contrast is injected.

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endarterectomy

surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery.

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ather/o

yellowish plaque, fatty substance

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atheroma

Mass of fatty plaque that collects in an artery. The suffix -oma means mass or collection.

Atheromas are collections of plaque that protrude into the lumen (opening) of an artery, weakening the muscle lining.

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atherosclerosis

Form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty plaque deposits in the interior lining of an artery.

The major form of arteriosclerosis in which deposits of yellow plaque (atheromas) containing cholesterol and lipids are found within the lining of the artery.

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atherectomy

Removal of plaque (lipids & clots) that accumulate in the lining of an artery.

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atri/o

atrium, upper heart chamber

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atrial

Pert. to an atrium (upper chamber of the heart)

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atrioventricular

Pert. to both atrium and ventricle

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brachi/o

arm

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brachial artery

Artery that carries blood to the arm

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cardi/o

heart

cardiomegaly

Enlargement of the heart.

cardiomyopathy

Disease of the heart muscle.

One type of cardiomyopathy is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy – abnormal thickening of heart muscle, usually in the left ventricle. The ventricle has to work harder to pump blood. The condition may be inherited or develop over time because of high blood pressure or aging. Often the cause is unknown (idiopathic).

bradycardia

Slow heartbeat < 60 bpm. Normal pulse is about 60 to 80 bpm. Brady- means slow.

tachycardia

Rapid hearbeat > 100 bpm. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) involves rapid beats coming from the atria (above the ventricles) and causing palpitation (abnormal sensations in the chest). Tachy means fast.

cardiogenic shock

Circulatory failure due to poor heart function.

Results from failure of the heart in its pumping action. Shock is circulatory failure associated with inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to body tissues.

cholesterol/o

cholesterol (a lipid substance)

hypercholesterolemia

High levels of cholesterol in the blood.

Statins are drugs that work by blocking a key enzyme in the production of cholesterol by the liver.

coron/o

heart

coronary arteries

Branches of the aorta bringing oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.

These arteries come down over the top of the heart like a crown (corona). After blood leaves the heart via the aorta, a portion is at once led back over the surface of the heart through the coronary arteries.

cyan/o

blue

cyanosis

Abnormal condition of bluish discoloration of the skin which indicates diminished oxygen content of the blood.

myx/o

mucus

myxoma

Rare neoplasm of connective tissue found in the heart muscle.

A benign tumor derived from connective tissue, with cells embedded in soft mucoid stromal tissue. These rare tumors occur most frequently in the left atrium.

ox/o

oxygen

hypoxia

Deficiency of oxygen in tissues.

Anoxia is an extreme form of hypoxia.

pericardi/o

pericardium

pericardiocentesis

Surgical puncture to remove fluid within the pericardial space surrounding the heart.

phleb/o

vein

phlebotomy

Incision of a vein for the removal of blood.

A phlebotomist is trained in opening veins for phlebotomy.

thrombophlebitis

Inflammation of a vein & formation of a clot within the vein.

Often shortened to phlebitis. If the affected vein is deep within a muscle, the condition is deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

rrhythm/o

rhythm

arrhythmia

Without rhythm; an irregular heart beat.

Dysrhythmia is also used to describe an abnormal heart rhythm. Notice that one “r” is dropped.

sphygm/o

pulse

sphygmomanometer

Instrument to measure blood pressure.

steth/o

chest

stethoscope

Instrument for listening to sounds in the chest. A misnomer because the examination is by ear, not by eye.

Auscultation

Listening to sounds within the body, typically using a stethoscope.

thromb/o

clot

thrombolysis

Destruction of a clot.

valvul/o, valv/o

valve

valvuloplasty

Surgical repair of a valve. A balloon-tipped catheter dilates a cardiac valve.

mitral valvulitis

Inflammation of the mitral valve.

Commonly associated with rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease caused by inadequate treatment of a streptococcal infection. An autoimmune reaction occurs, leading to inflammation and damage to heart valves.

valvotomy

Incision of a valve.

vas/o

vessel

vasocontriction

Narrowing or tightening of a blood vessel.

vasodilation

Widening of a blood vessel; vasodilatation.

vascul/o

vessel

vascular

Pert. to a blood vessel.

ven/o, ven/i

vein

venous

Pert. to a vein.

A venous cutdown is a small surgical incision to permit access to a collapsed vein.

An intravenous infusion is delivery of fluids into a vein.

venipuncture

Incision of a vein to remove blood. This procedure is performed for phlebotomy or to start an intravenous infusion.

ventricul/o

ventricle, lower heart chamber

interventricular septum

Pert. to the wall between the ventricles of the heart.

arrhythmias

Abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias). Arrhythmias are problems with the conduction or electrical system of the heart.

Examples of cardiac arrhythmias are:

bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)
flutter
fibrillation

bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)

Failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His).

flutter

Rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria.

Heart rhythm may reach up to 300 bpm. Atrial flutter is often symptomatic of heart disease and frequently requires treatment such as medication, electrical cardioversion, or catheter ablation.

fibrillation

Very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contraction of the heart (350 bpm or more per minute).

Two Types:

atrial fibrillation (AF)
ventricular fibrillation (VF)

atrial fibrillation

Electrical impulses move randomly throughout the atria, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting with a normal rhythm. Common symptoms are palpitations, fatigue, and SOB, shortness of breath.

palpitations

Uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as skipped beats.

ventricular fibrillation (VF)

Electrical impulses move randomly throughout the ventricles. This life-threatening situation may result in sudden cardiac death or cardiac arrest (sudden stoppage of heart movement) unless help is provided immediately. If treatment is immediate, VF can be interrupted with defibrillation (application of an electrical shock). Defibrillation stops electrical activity in the heart for a brief moment so that normal rhythm takes over. Medications such as digoxin, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers convert fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm.

catheter ablation

A minimally invasive treatment to treat cardiac arrhythmias. The technique, using radiofrequency energy delivered from the tip of a catheter inserted through a blood vessel and into the heart, destroys tissue that causes arrhythmias. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia (VT) may be treated with ablation when clinically indicated. This treatment may provide a permanent cure in many clinical situations.

congestive heart failure

Heart is unable to pump its required mount of blood.

Two types:

systolic CHF
diastolic CHF

Symptoms of CHF include:

SOB
exercise intolerance
fluid retention

Pulmonary edema (fluid accumulation in the lungs) and swelling or edema in the legs, feet, and ankles are common. Treatment includes lowering dietary intake of sodium and the use of diuretics to promote fluid loss.

coronary artery disease (CAD)

Disease of the arteries surrounding the heart. CAD is usually the result of atherosclerosis.

coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

Cardiac surgeons perform this open heart operation to treat CAD by replacing clogged vessels.

percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

Interventional cardiologists perform this, in which catheterization with balloons and stents opens clogged coronary arteries.

endocarditis

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart. Damage to the heart valves from infection(bacterial endocarditis) produces lesions called vegetations (resembling cauliflower) that break off into the bloodstream as emboli (material that travels through the blood). Antibiotics can cure bacterial endocarditis.

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Improper closure of the mitral valve. This condition occurs because the mitral valve enlarges and prolapses into the left atrium during systole. The physician hears a midsystolic click on auscultation (listening with a stethoscope). Most people with MVP live normal lives, but prolapsed valves can on rare occasion become infected.

murmur

Extra sound heard between normal beats during auscultation of the heart.

bruit (BRU-e)

An abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard on auscultation of an artery or organ.

thrill

Is a vibration felt on palpation of the chest, often accompanies a murmur. Also felt on palpation (touching) the body over a blood vessel that is blocked.

pericarditis

Inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart. In most instances, pericarditis results from disease elsewhere in the body (such as pulmonary infection). Bacteria and viruses cause the condition, or the etiology may be idiopathic. Malaise, fever, and chest pain occur, and auscultation with a stethoscope often reveals a pericardial friction rub (heard as a scraping or grating sound). Compression of the heart caused by collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity is cardiac tamponade (tam-po-NOD).

aneurysm

Local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall. An aneurysm is usually caused by atherosclerosis and hypertension or a congenital weakness in the vessel wall. The danger of an aneurysm is rupture and hemorrhage. Treatment depends on vessels involved.

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb. This condition may result in a pulmonary embolism (clot travels to the lung) if not treated effectively. Anticoagulants (blood-thinning drugs) such as heparin and warfarin (Coumadin) are used to prevent DVTs and pulmonary emboli (PEs).

hypertension (HTN)

High blood pressure.

peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

Blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys and other organs.

varicose veins

Abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs.

angina (pectoris)

Chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia. Stable angina occurs predictably with exertion; unstable angina is chest pain that occurs more often and with less exertion.

auscultation

Listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using a stethoscope.

bruit

Abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ.

cardiac arrest

Sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action, often leading to sudden cardiac death.

cardiac tamponade

Pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space.

claudication

Pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest.

embolus (plural: emboli)

Clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel.

infarction

Area of dead tissue.

occlusion

Closure of a blood vessel due to blockage.

palpitations

Uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs).

pericardial friction rub

Scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation of the heart; suggestive of pericarditis.

petechiae

Small, pinpoint hemorrhages.

vegetations

Clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on diseased heart valves.

statins

Drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream.

low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

High levels of LDL are associated with atherosclerosis.

high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

High levels of HDL protect adults from atherosclerosis.

echocardiography (ECHO)

Echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart that show the structure and movement of the heart.

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Chap 11, Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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