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Medical Terminology, LOM > Chap 11, Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chap 11, Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

aorta

A

Largest artery in the body.

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2
Q

arteriole

A

Small artery.

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3
Q

artery

A

Largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. Notice that artery and away begin with an “a.”

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4
Q

atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

A

Specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them. His is pronounced “hiss.”

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5
Q

atrioventricular node (AV node)

A

Specialized tissue in the wall between the atria. Electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker (SA node) through the AV node and the atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His toward the ventricles.

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6
Q

atrium (plural: atria)

A

One of two upper chambers of the heart

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7
Q

capillary

A

Smallest blood vessel. Materials pass to and from the bloodstream through the thin capillary walls.

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8
Q

carbon dioxide

A

Gas (waste) released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation.

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9
Q

deoxygenated blood

A

Blood that is oxygen-poor.

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10
Q

diastole

A

Relaxation phase of the heartbeat.

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11
Q

electrocardiogram, EKG or ECG

A

Record of the electricity flowing through the heart. The electricity is represented by waves or deflections called P, QRS, or T.

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12
Q

endocardium

A

Inner lining of the heart.

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13
Q

endothelium

A

Innermost lining of blood vessels.

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14
Q

mitral valve

A

Valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve.

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15
Q

murmur

A

abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves.

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16
Q

myocardium

A

Muscular, middle layer of the heart.

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17
Q

normal sinus rhythm

A

Heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a rate in patients at rest of 60 to 100 beats per minute.

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18
Q

oxygen

A

Gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells.

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19
Q

sinoatrial node, or SA node (pacemaker)

A

Pacemaker of the heart. Specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat. An artificial cardiac pacemaker is an electronic apparatus implanted in the chest to stimulate heart muscle that is weak and not functioning.

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20
Q

pericardium

A

Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.

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21
Q

pulmonary artery

A

Artery carrying deoxygenated (oxygen-poor blood) from the heart to the lungs.

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22
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

Flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

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23
Q

pulmonary valve

A

valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.

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24
Q

pulmonary vein

A

One of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

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25
Q

pulse

A

Beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries.

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26
Q

septum (plural: septa)

A

Partition or wall dividing a cavity; such as between the

1) right and left atria (interatrial septum), and
2) right and left ventricles (interventricular septum).

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27
Q

apex of the heart

A

Lower tip of the heart.

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28
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

Instrument to measure blood pressure.

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29
Q

systemic circulation

A

Flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues.

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30
Q

systole

A

Contraction phase of the heartbeat.

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31
Q

tricuspid valve

A

Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle; it has three (tri-) leaflets, or cusps.

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32
Q

valve

A

Structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in only one direction.

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33
Q

vein

A

Thin-walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back to the heart. Veins contain valves to prevent backflow of blood.

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34
Q

vena cava (plural: venae cavae)

A

Largest vein in the body. The superior and inferior venae cavae return blood to the right atrium of the heart.

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35
Q

ventricle

A

One of two lower chambers of the heart.

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36
Q

venule

A

Small vein.

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37
Q

angi/o

A

vessel

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38
Q

angiogram

A

x-ray record of a blood vessel

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39
Q

angioplasty

A

surgical repair of a blood vessel

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40
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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41
Q

vessel (blood)

A

angi/o (use with -ectomy, genesis, -gram, -graphy, -oma, -plasty, -spasm)

vas/o (use with -constriction, -dilation, -motor)

vascul/o (use with -ar, -itis)

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42
Q

aortic stenosis

A

narrowing of the aorta

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43
Q

arter/o, arteri/o

A

artery

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44
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of an artery with collection of fatty plaque

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45
Q

arterial anastomosis

A

surgical connection between two arteries

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46
Q

arteriography

A

x-ray recording of arteries; contrast is injected.

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47
Q

endarterectomy

A

surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery.

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48
Q

ather/o

A

yellowish plaque, fatty substance

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49
Q

atheroma

A

Mass of fatty plaque that collects in an artery. The suffix -oma means mass or collection.

Atheromas are collections of plaque that protrude into the lumen (opening) of an artery, weakening the muscle lining.

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50
Q

atherosclerosis

A

Form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty plaque deposits in the interior lining of an artery.

The major form of arteriosclerosis in which deposits of yellow plaque (atheromas) containing cholesterol and lipids are found within the lining of the artery.

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51
Q

atherectomy

A

Removal of plaque (lipids & clots) that accumulate in the lining of an artery.

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52
Q

atri/o

A

atrium, upper heart chamber

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53
Q

atrial

A

Pert. to an atrium (upper chamber of the heart)

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54
Q

atrioventricular

A

Pert. to both atrium and ventricle

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55
Q

brachi/o

A

arm

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56
Q

brachial artery

A

Artery that carries blood to the arm

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57
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

58
Q

cardiomegaly

A

Enlargement of the heart.

59
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

Disease of the heart muscle.

One type of cardiomyopathy is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy – abnormal thickening of heart muscle, usually in the left ventricle. The ventricle has to work harder to pump blood. The condition may be inherited or develop over time because of high blood pressure or aging. Often the cause is unknown (idiopathic).

60
Q

bradycardia

A

Slow heartbeat < 60 bpm. Normal pulse is about 60 to 80 bpm. Brady- means slow.

61
Q

tachycardia

A

Rapid hearbeat > 100 bpm. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) involves rapid beats coming from the atria (above the ventricles) and causing palpitation (abnormal sensations in the chest). Tachy means fast.

62
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

Circulatory failure due to poor heart function.

Results from failure of the heart in its pumping action. Shock is circulatory failure associated with inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to body tissues.

63
Q

cholesterol/o

A

cholesterol (a lipid substance)

64
Q

hypercholesterolemia

A

High levels of cholesterol in the blood.

Statins are drugs that work by blocking a key enzyme in the production of cholesterol by the liver.

65
Q

coron/o

A

heart

66
Q

coronary arteries

A

Branches of the aorta bringing oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.

These arteries come down over the top of the heart like a crown (corona). After blood leaves the heart via the aorta, a portion is at once led back over the surface of the heart through the coronary arteries.

67
Q

cyan/o

A

blue

68
Q

cyanosis

A

Abnormal condition of bluish discoloration of the skin which indicates diminished oxygen content of the blood.

69
Q

myx/o

A

mucus

70
Q

myxoma

A

Rare neoplasm of connective tissue found in the heart muscle.

A benign tumor derived from connective tissue, with cells embedded in soft mucoid stromal tissue. These rare tumors occur most frequently in the left atrium.

71
Q

ox/o

A

oxygen

72
Q

hypoxia

A

Deficiency of oxygen in tissues.

Anoxia is an extreme form of hypoxia.

73
Q

pericardi/o

A

pericardium

74
Q

pericardiocentesis

A

Surgical puncture to remove fluid within the pericardial space surrounding the heart.

75
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

76
Q

phlebotomy

A

Incision of a vein for the removal of blood.

A phlebotomist is trained in opening veins for phlebotomy.

77
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein & formation of a clot within the vein.

Often shortened to phlebitis. If the affected vein is deep within a muscle, the condition is deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

78
Q

rrhythm/o

A

rhythm

79
Q

arrhythmia

A

Without rhythm; an irregular heart beat.

Dysrhythmia is also used to describe an abnormal heart rhythm. Notice that one “r” is dropped.

80
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

81
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

Instrument to measure blood pressure.

82
Q

steth/o

A

chest

83
Q

stethoscope

A

Instrument for listening to sounds in the chest. A misnomer because the examination is by ear, not by eye.

84
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening to sounds within the body, typically using a stethoscope.

85
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

86
Q

thrombolysis

A

Destruction of a clot.

87
Q

valvul/o, valv/o

A

valve

88
Q

valvuloplasty

A

Surgical repair of a valve. A balloon-tipped catheter dilates a cardiac valve.

89
Q

mitral valvulitis

A

Inflammation of the mitral valve.

Commonly associated with rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease caused by inadequate treatment of a streptococcal infection. An autoimmune reaction occurs, leading to inflammation and damage to heart valves.

90
Q

valvotomy

A

Incision of a valve.

91
Q

vas/o

A

vessel

92
Q

vasocontriction

A

Narrowing or tightening of a blood vessel.

93
Q

vasodilation

A

Widening of a blood vessel; vasodilatation.

94
Q

vascul/o

A

vessel

95
Q

vascular

A

Pert. to a blood vessel.

96
Q

ven/o, ven/i

A

vein

97
Q

venous

A

Pert. to a vein.

A venous cutdown is a small surgical incision to permit access to a collapsed vein.

An intravenous infusion is delivery of fluids into a vein.

98
Q

venipuncture

A

Incision of a vein to remove blood. This procedure is performed for phlebotomy or to start an intravenous infusion.

99
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle, lower heart chamber

100
Q

interventricular septum

A

Pert. to the wall between the ventricles of the heart.

101
Q

arrhythmias

A

Abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias). Arrhythmias are problems with the conduction or electrical system of the heart.

Examples of cardiac arrhythmias are:

  1. bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)
  2. flutter
  3. fibrillation
102
Q

bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)

A

Failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His).

103
Q

flutter

A

Rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria.

Heart rhythm may reach up to 300 bpm. Atrial flutter is often symptomatic of heart disease and frequently requires treatment such as medication, electrical cardioversion, or catheter ablation.

104
Q

fibrillation

A

Very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contraction of the heart (350 bpm or more per minute).

Two Types:

  1. atrial fibrillation (AF)
  2. ventricular fibrillation (VF)
105
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

Electrical impulses move randomly throughout the atria, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting with a normal rhythm. Common symptoms are palpitations, fatigue, and SOB, shortness of breath.

106
Q

palpitations

A

Uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as skipped beats.

107
Q

ventricular fibrillation (VF)

A

Electrical impulses move randomly throughout the ventricles. This life-threatening situation may result in sudden cardiac death or cardiac arrest (sudden stoppage of heart movement) unless help is provided immediately. If treatment is immediate, VF can be interrupted with defibrillation (application of an electrical shock). Defibrillation stops electrical activity in the heart for a brief moment so that normal rhythm takes over. Medications such as digoxin, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers convert fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm.

108
Q

catheter ablation

A

A minimally invasive treatment to treat cardiac arrhythmias. The technique, using radiofrequency energy delivered from the tip of a catheter inserted through a blood vessel and into the heart, destroys tissue that causes arrhythmias. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia (VT) may be treated with ablation when clinically indicated. This treatment may provide a permanent cure in many clinical situations.

109
Q

congestive heart failure

A

Heart is unable to pump its required mount of blood.

Two types:

  1. systolic CHF
  2. diastolic CHF

Symptoms of CHF include:

  • SOB
  • exercise intolerance
  • fluid retention

Pulmonary edema (fluid accumulation in the lungs) and swelling or edema in the legs, feet, and ankles are common. Treatment includes lowering dietary intake of sodium and the use of diuretics to promote fluid loss.

110
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

Disease of the arteries surrounding the heart. CAD is usually the result of atherosclerosis.

111
Q

coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

A

Cardiac surgeons perform this open heart operation to treat CAD by replacing clogged vessels.

112
Q

percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

A

Interventional cardiologists perform this, in which catheterization with balloons and stents opens clogged coronary arteries.

113
Q

endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart. Damage to the heart valves from infection(bacterial endocarditis) produces lesions called vegetations (resembling cauliflower) that break off into the bloodstream as emboli (material that travels through the blood). Antibiotics can cure bacterial endocarditis.

114
Q

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

Improper closure of the mitral valve. This condition occurs because the mitral valve enlarges and prolapses into the left atrium during systole. The physician hears a midsystolic click on auscultation (listening with a stethoscope). Most people with MVP live normal lives, but prolapsed valves can on rare occasion become infected.

115
Q

murmur

A

Extra sound heard between normal beats during auscultation of the heart.

116
Q

bruit (BRU-e)

A

An abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard on auscultation of an artery or organ.

117
Q

thrill

A

Is a vibration felt on palpation of the chest, often accompanies a murmur. Also felt on palpation (touching) the body over a blood vessel that is blocked.

118
Q

pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart. In most instances, pericarditis results from disease elsewhere in the body (such as pulmonary infection). Bacteria and viruses cause the condition, or the etiology may be idiopathic. Malaise, fever, and chest pain occur, and auscultation with a stethoscope often reveals a pericardial friction rub (heard as a scraping or grating sound). Compression of the heart caused by collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity is cardiac tamponade (tam-po-NOD).

119
Q

aneurysm

A

Local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall. An aneurysm is usually caused by atherosclerosis and hypertension or a congenital weakness in the vessel wall. The danger of an aneurysm is rupture and hemorrhage. Treatment depends on vessels involved.

120
Q

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

Blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb. This condition may result in a pulmonary embolism (clot travels to the lung) if not treated effectively. Anticoagulants (blood-thinning drugs) such as heparin and warfarin (Coumadin) are used to prevent DVTs and pulmonary emboli (PEs).

121
Q

hypertension (HTN)

A

High blood pressure.

122
Q

peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

A

Blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys and other organs.

123
Q

varicose veins

A

Abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs.

124
Q

angina (pectoris)

A

Chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia. Stable angina occurs predictably with exertion; unstable angina is chest pain that occurs more often and with less exertion.

125
Q

auscultation

A

Listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using a stethoscope.

126
Q

bruit

A

Abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ.

127
Q

cardiac arrest

A

Sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action, often leading to sudden cardiac death.

128
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

Pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space.

129
Q

claudication

A

Pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest.

130
Q

embolus (plural: emboli)

A

Clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel.

131
Q

infarction

A

Area of dead tissue.

132
Q

occlusion

A

Closure of a blood vessel due to blockage.

133
Q

palpitations

A

Uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs).

134
Q

pericardial friction rub

A

Scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation of the heart; suggestive of pericarditis.

135
Q

petechiae

A

Small, pinpoint hemorrhages.

136
Q

vegetations

A

Clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on diseased heart valves.

137
Q

statins

A

Drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream.

138
Q

low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

A

High levels of LDL are associated with atherosclerosis.

139
Q

high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

A

High levels of HDL protect adults from atherosclerosis.

140
Q

echocardiography (ECHO)

A

Echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart that show the structure and movement of the heart.

Medical Terminology, LOM (88 decks)

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