Chap 15, Pathology, Joints

Question 1

arthritis

Answer 1

Inflammation of any joint.

Question 2

Some of the most common forms of arthritis are:

Answer 2

ankylosing spondylitis
gouty arthritis (gout)
osteoarthritis (OA)
rheumatoid arthritis

Question 3

ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 3

Chronic inflammatory joint disease (progressive arthritis) involving the backbones; marked by stiffness and eventual fusion (ankylosis) of involved joints.

Question 4

gouty arthritis (gout)

Answer 4

Inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the blood and uric acid crystals deposited in joints.

Question 5

osteoarthritis (OA)

Answer 5

Progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces (joints).

Question 6

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Answer 6

Chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane.

Question 7

bunion

Answer 7

Enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint).

Question 8

hallux

Answer 8

another name for a bunion

Question 9

valgus

Answer 9

describing an abnormal position in which a part of a limb is bent or twisted outward, away from the midline, such as the heel of the foot in talipes valgus (splayfoot) or abnormal angulation of the toe

Question 10

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

Answer 10

Compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist. The compression results from swelling and/or inflammation of the flexor tendons. The thumb, the index and long (middle) fingers, and the radial half of the ring finger become dysesthetic (numb).

Question 11

dislocation

Answer 11

Displacement of a bone from its joint.

Question 12

ganglion cyst

Answer 12

Fluid-filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons, typically in the hand. Most common in the wrist, but can occur in the shoulder, knee, hip, or ankle.

Question 13

herniation of an intervertebral disc (disk)

Answer 13

Abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disc into the spinal canal or spinal nerves. Condition is commonly referred to as “slipped disc”.

Question 14

sciatica

Answer 14

Pain radiating down the leg. Sciatica refers to pain or discomfort associated with the sciatic nerve. This nerve runs from the lower part of the spinal cord, down the back of the leg, to the foot.

Question 15

microdiskectomy

Answer 15

debulking of a herniated nucleus pulposus (nucleus pulposus = herniating part of a disc/disk) using an operating microscope or loupe for magnification.

Question 16

Herniation of an intervertebral disk

Answer 16

The condition is also known as herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP).

Question 17

Composition of disk (vertebra)

Answer 17

Annulus fibrosus and Nucleus pulposus.

Question 18

Lyme disease (Lyme arthritis)

Answer 18

Chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgias, neurologic and cardiac symptoms, and malaise; cause is a bacterium carried by a deer tick first reported in Old Lyme, Connecticut.

Question 19

sprain

Answer 19

Trauma to a joint with pain, swelling, and injury to ligaments without rupture.

Question 20

strain

Answer 20

Muscle injury involving overstretching of muscles with pain and swelling. RICE is used to treat strains and sprains.

Question 21

RICE

Answer 21

Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation is used to treat strains and sprains.

Question 22

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Answer 22

Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, central nervous system (CNS), blood vessels, heart, and lungs. It is marked by a reddish (erythematous) facial rash that resembled the bite of a wolf (lupus).

Question 23

bursitis

Answer 23

Inflammation of a bursa surrounding a joint. Causes of this periarticular condition may be related to stress placed on the bursa or to diseases such as gout or rheumatoid arthritis. The bursa becomes inflamed and movement is limited and painful. Intrabursal injection of corticosteroids and also rest and splinting of the limb are helpful in treatment.

Question 24

achondroplasia

Answer 24

This is an inherited condition in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to normal size because of a defect in cartilage and bone formation. Dwarfism results, characterized by short limbs and a normal-sized head and trunk (achondroplastic dwarfism).

Question 25

chondromalacia

Answer 25

Softening of cartilage.

Question 26

chondroma

Answer 26

Benign tumor of cartilage.

Question 27

Chondromalacia patellae

Answer 27

is a softening and roughening of the articular cartilaginous surface of the kneecap, resulting in pain, a grating sensation, and mechanical “catching” behind the patella with joint movement.

Question 28

synovitis

Answer 28

Inflammation of the synovial membrane lining the synovial joint.

Question 29

tenosynovitis

Answer 29

Inflammation of a tendon and its sheath or covering.

Question 30

tendinitis

Answer 30

Inflammation of tendons; tendonitis.

Question 31

spinal stenosis

Answer 31

Narrowing of the neural (spinal) canal in the lumbar spine. Symptoms (pain, paresthesias, urinary retention, bowel incontinence) come from compression of the cauda equina (nerves that spread out from the lower end of the spinal cord like a horse’s tail).