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Positioning 1 > Ch. 9 Lumbar Spine, Sacrum, and Coccyx > Flashcards

Ch. 9 Lumbar Spine, Sacrum, and Coccyx Flashcards

1
Q

largest and strongest individual vertebra

A

lumbar

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2
Q

due to load of the body weight on this aspect of the body, these are common sites for injury and pathologic processes

A

cartilaginous disks between inferior lumbar vertebrae

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3
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae are there

A

typically 5

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4
Q

these are small on lumbar vertebra

A

transverse processes

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5
Q

these are bulky and blunt on lumbar vertebrae

A

spinous process

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6
Q

the palpable lower tip of each lumbar spinous process lies at this level

A

intervertebral disk space inferior to each vertebral body

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7
Q

how are the intervertebral foramen situated in relation to the midsagittal plane

A

90 degrees

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8
Q

when vertebrae are stacked, the superior and inferior vertebral notches line up, and the two half-mooned shaped areas form a single opening called this

A

intervertebral foramina

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9
Q

along the upper surface of each pedicle is a half-moon-shaped area called what

A

superior vertebral notch

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10
Q

along the lower surface of each pedicle is a half-moon-shaped area called what

A

inferior vertebral notch

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11
Q

how are the intervertebral foramina of the lumbar spine best demonstrated

A

lateral radiograph

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12
Q

the processes that project upward from the area of junction between the pedicles and laminae

A

superior articular processes

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13
Q

processes that project downward from the area of junction between the pedicles and laminae

A

inferior articular processes

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14
Q

articulating surface

A

facet

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15
Q

articulation between the superior and inferior articular processes

A

zygapophyseal joints

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16
Q

how do the z-joints of the lumbar spine open in relation to the midsagittal plane

A

30-50 degrees

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17
Q

how are the upper/proximal z-joints of the lumbar spine in relation to the midsagittal plane

A

50 degrees

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18
Q

how are the lower/distal z-joints of the lumbar spine in relation to the midsagittal plane

A

30 degrees

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19
Q

these form a bridge between the transverse processes, lateral masses, and spinous process

A

laminae

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20
Q

portion of each laminae between the superior and inferior articular processes

A

pars interarticularis

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21
Q

how is the pars interarticularis demonstrated radiographically

A

oblique lumbar image

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22
Q

how does the anterior surface of the sacrum curve

A

concave

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23
Q

how many segments are in the sacrum

A

5

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24
Q

how is the sacrum shaped

A

shovel-shaped

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25
Q

how does the apex of the sacrum point

A

inferiorly and anteriorly

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26
Q

how many pelvic sacral foramina are there

A

4 sets, 8 total

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27
Q

what are the intervertebral foramina in the sacrum called

A

pelvic (anterior) sacral foramina

28
Q

large masses of bone lateral to the first sacral segment

A

alae or wings of the sacrum

29
Q

these form the z-joints with the inferior articular processes of L5

A

superior articular processes of the sacrum

30
Q

from a posterior perspective, how is the sacrum curved

A

convex

31
Q

anterior ridge of first sacral segment’s body helps form the posterior wall of the inlet of the true pelvis and is called this

A

promontory

32
Q

how is the promontory best demonstrated

A

lateral perspective

33
Q

posterior to the body of the first sacral segment is the opening of this, which is a continuation of the vertebral canal and contains certain sacral nerves

A

sacral canal

34
Q

this is formed by fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae

A

median sacral crest

35
Q

the sacrum articulates with the ilium of the pelvis here

A

auricular surface

36
Q

small tubercles that represent the inferior articular processes projecting inferiorly from each side of the 5th sacral segment

A

sacral horns (cornua)

37
Q

how do the sacral horns project to articulate with the corresponding horns of the coccyx

A

inferiorly and posteriorly

38
Q

the sacroiliac joints open obliquely at what angle

A

30 degrees

39
Q

most distal portion of the vertebral column

A

coccyx

40
Q

how many segments of the coccyx are there

A

3-5 (4 average)

41
Q

largest and broadest section of the coccyx has these two lateral projections

A

small transverse processes

42
Q

distal pointed tip of the coccyx

A

apex

43
Q

broader superior portion of the coccyx

A

base

44
Q

occasionally these two segments don’t fuse solidly

A

2nd with the first

45
Q

what is the coccyx compared to in size in the book

A

US postage stamp (1”)

46
Q

how does the long axis of the sacrum angle

A

posteriorly

47
Q

what does the coccyx project into

A

birth canal

48
Q

forward curvature of coccyx is more pronounced in who

A

men

49
Q

who is more likely to experience a fracture of the coccyx

A

females due to shape of their pelvis and more vertical orientation of coccyx

50
Q

what does the neck of the scottie dog represent

A

pars interarticularis

51
Q

what does the ear of the scottie dog represent

A

superior articular process

52
Q

what does the eye of the scottie dog represent

A

pedicle

53
Q

what does the nose of the scottie dog represent

A

transverse process

54
Q

what do the front legs of the scottie dog represent

A

inferior articular process

55
Q

what type of joints are the zygapophyseal joints

A

synovial - plane (gliding), diarthrodial

56
Q

what type of joints are the intervertebral joints

A

cartilaginous - symphysis, amphiarthrodial

57
Q

how are the intervertebral foramina visualized in the lumbar spine

A

true lateral position

58
Q

what do the posterior obliques of the lumbar spine show

A

downside z-joints

59
Q

what do the anterior obliques of the lumbar spine show

A

upside z-joints

60
Q

what does the prominence of the greater trochanter line up with

A

superior margin of symphysis pubis

61
Q

what level is ASIS at

A

S1-S2

62
Q

what level is the iliac crest at

A

L4-L5

63
Q

what level is the lower costal margin at

A

L2-L3

64
Q

what level is the xiphoid tip at

A

T9-T10

65
Q

who are shields used on for lumbar work

A

always on males, only on females if doesn’t obscure anatomy

66
Q

PA projections offer how much less ovarian dose compared with AP projections

A

25-30% less

67
Q
A

Positioning 1 (53 decks)

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